Mangalore tiles (also Mangalorean tiles) are a type of roof tile produced in the city of Mangalore, India.[1] Tiles were first produced in the city by German missionaries of the Basel Mission of Switzerland, who also established weaving enterprises. Early Mangalore tiles followed the designs of the Gilardoni brothers of Altkirch, France, but over time the predominant pattern used was based on Wilhelm Ludowici's 1881 design for roof tile.[2][3]
Since that time, the industry grew in India with these tiles in great demand throughout the country. They were exported to Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Far East and as far as East Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia.[4] These were the only roof tiles recommended for government buildings in India under the British Raj.[5][6]
These tiles still define Mangalore's skyline and characterize its urban setting.[7] They are a popular form of roofing and are preferred over concrete due to their higher quality.[8]
Etymology
editThese tiles are native to Mangalore, a city in the former South Canara district on the western coast of India. Hence they were named Mangalore tiles by the tile factory manufacturers.[1]
History
edit
Georg Plebst, a German missionary, had been with the Basel Mission in India since 1851 and worked to improve the mission's lithographic press office in Mangalore. His attention shifted towards local pottery, and he was intrigued by trying to resolve the issues commonly seen. He urged the mission to establish an industrial ceramic unit and traveled to Alsace, France, home of the Gilardoni Brothers' tile factory, to study industrial methods of ceramic manufacturing.[9]
Plebst returned to India and relied on local expertise to establish his factory, called the Basel Mission tile factory or "The Common Wealth Trust Ltd." The factory began producing tiles on December 4, 1865 with just two workers, using clay from the banks of the Gurupura (also Phalguni) and Nethravathi (also Bantwal) rivers.[1] The new company used interlocking tiles, which were an innovation allowing for fewer tiles to cover a larger area, cutting down on roof weight.[9]
Plebst's factory was the first industrial tile plant in India, located on the banks of the Nethravathi river, near Morgan's Gate, around 100 metres (0.10 km) from Ullal bridge.[10][7]
Several other tile factories were established in the years that followed. In 1868, the Albuquerque tile factory producing these tiles was started by Mr.Pascal Albuquerque at Panemangalore in South Canara.[6] These were the only tiles to be recommended for Government buildings in India during the British regime.[5] The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, a World Heritage Site is also topped with these tiles due to their excellent quality and were preferred over Bombay tiles by the structure's architect Frederick William Stevens.[8]
Since the opening of the Albuquerque tile factory, Mangaloreans have been actively involved in manufacturing these red Mangalore tiles.[6] In 1878, it was followed by the Alvares tile factory established by Mr.Simon Alvares of Bombay at Mangalore. The tiles produced by the factory were in great demand throughout the Indian subcontinent and East Africa.[11] Abundant deposits of clay, plenty of firewood from the Western Ghats and cheap skilled labour helped the industry flourish.[7] By the 1900s there were around 25 tile factories situated in and around Mangalore. By 1994 around 75 tile factories were present in Mangalore.[1] As per the years 1991—1992 out of a selected 12 tile factories, 6 were owned by Hindus and the other 6 by Christians. The factories along with these tiles also manufactured materials such as ridges, limestone[5] and bricks.[12]
The prominent tile factories in Mangalore of the bygone era were
1) The Common Wealth Trust Ltd (Established by Basel Mission in 1860[13]) - This is supposed to be the first tile factory in Mangalore and thereby India.
2) A Albuquerque and Sons (Established in 1868).
3) Alvares Tile factory (Established by Simon Alvares in 1878)
4) Hammer Tiles (Established by Mahalakshmi traders in 1889).
5) Hamidiah Tile works (Established by Adhyaksha H. Koragappa(Founder of Kudroli Shree Gokarnanatheshwara Temple Mangalore) and C.Abdurahiman in 1905)
6) King George Tiles (Established in 1905).
7) JH Morgan and son.
8) Rego and sons.
9) Pioneer Tiles.
10) BK Tiles.
The Calicut Tile Co. (CTC) was the first fully mechanised roofing tile manufacturer in India. It was started in the year 1878. Besides roofing tiles, CTC also manufactures ceiling tiles, hourdees, hollow blocks, paver tiles, decorative garden tiles and terracotta products. The company is currently fully operational. The products CTC at Ferok are known and sold under the brand name Queen. They have another factory in the state of Karnataka. The products are known under the brand name King.
In 2007, the industry suffered when about 10 tile factories shut down due to scarcity of raw materials like clay, and factories struggled to find skilled and cooperative workers.[10]
Quality and Usage
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Mangalore tiles are said to provide excellent ventilation especially during summer and are widely considered aesthetically pleasing. Some of them are especially made to be used for roofing kitchens, allowing smoke to escape, and bathrooms. Over a period of time, these tiles can become dark to black from constant exposure to soot and smoke. Clay tiles offer natural solar insulation, thereby reducing the expense on electricity for heating or cooling.
Since these clay tiles are molded under extreme heat, they are resistant to damage or destruction from fire.
These red colored clay tiles are quite famous and are exported to all the corners of world. They are unique and are made and available in different shapes and sizes depending on the users' need.
Clay tiles are commonly used in coastal areas and regions that experience heavy rainfall. Clay tiles for a sloping roof offer water proofing in areas where it rains quite often. Clay's corrosion resistance allows for superior longevity compared to other materials. The Mangalore tiles are generally placed inclined at forty five degrees. The tiles get their red colour from the high proportion of iron compound found in the laterite clay.[14] A tile weighs about 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) to 3 kilograms (6.6 lb).[15] These kinds of tiles are most popularly used in Canara, Goa, Kerala, and the Konkan.
Preparation
editFirst, laterite clay is collected, placed in a mold, and precisely cut to measurement. Then the piece of clay is placed on a tile press which shapes the tile and applies the factory logo. Any extra clay is removed by hand and usually reused It is fired in a kiln, and the density of the clay tile is a function of the length of time and temperature at which it is heated.
Clay tiles are often white, yellow, orange or brown in color. However, they can be colored or styled according to one’s preference by spraying a glaze or engobe before firing in the kiln. The extreme heat of the kiln permanently bonds the color to the tile, ensuring the color does not peel or fade away over time. Once fired and glazed, it is ready, and is stored for transport/shipping.[15]
Trade, commerce and geographical spread
editTiles are exported to East Asia, Europe, Australia, Africa, and the Middle East.[4] This tile is exquisitely used for roof tiling along Malabar Coast and Konkan Coast of India.
At helm of the industry the production of Mangalore tiles was prominent in South Canara, Malabar District along Chaliyar and Quilon along Ithikkara River.[16][17]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d Giriappa 1994, p. 61
- ^ "Tracing the history and legacy of Mangalore tiles". Architectural Digest India. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- ^ Sebastian, Mrinalini (2013). "The Scholar-Missionaries of the Basel Mission in Southwest India: Language, Identity, and Knowledge in Flux". In Sharkey, Heather (ed.). Cultural Conversions: Unexpected Consequences of Christian Missionary Encounters in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. pp. 177 within pp. 176–202. ISBN 9780815633150.
- ^ a b Giriappa, S. (1994). Rural Industrialisation in Backward Areas. Daya Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7035-125-2.
- ^ a b c Somerset, Bond & Wright, p. 510
- ^ a b c Somerset, Bond & Wright, p. 511
- ^ a b c Babu, Savitha Suresh (17 February 2007). "Tiles for style". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b John B. Monteiro (21 June 2005). "Mangalore Tiles Crown Victoria Terminus". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
- ^ a b Kamalakaran, Ajay. "How a German missionary changed the way houses were roofed in western India". Scroll.in.
- ^ a b Belgaumkar, Govind D. (12 November 2007). "Tiles are strong, industry is brittle". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
- ^ Somerset, Bond & Wright, p. 517
- ^ Giriappa 1994, p. 62
- ^ Giriappa, S. (1994). Rural Industrialisation in Backward Areas. Daya Publishing House. ISBN 9788170351252.
- ^ India: Physical Environment Geography Standard (Grade) IX 2007, p. 37
- ^ a b Belgaumkar, Govind D. (26 November 2005). "Have an imaginative roof over your head". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
- ^ "Regal House in Thampanoor is a picture of elegance". The Hindu. 22 January 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- ^ "Kerala's pioneering roof-tile company shuts down after 141 years". OnManorama. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- ^ "Marseille Tiles from Alsace". ResearchGate.
A different type of J H MORGAN roof tile found in Old Suriyani church at Chenganoor which is much older than the photos shown in the photo.
References
edit- Suresh Jog; Chandrakanth Pawar; Madhav Puranik; Mubarak Bagwan (2007). "Soils". India: Physical Environment Geography Standard (Grade) IX (reprint of 2006 ed.). Pune: Secretary Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education.
- Giriappa, S. (1994). Rural Industrialisation in Backward Areas. Daya books. ISBN 81-7035-125-1. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
- Somerset, Playne; Bond, E. W.; Wright, Arnold; Wright, Playne (2004). Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1344-9. Retrieved 31 January 2009.