Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai (1460–1530), also known as Malik Ahmad Baba, was an Afghan chief and warrior from the Razar-Mandanr clan of the Yousafzai. He is known for his role in the Yousafzai conquest of Swat, Malakand and Lower Dir. Under him, the Yusufzai fought the Dilazaks and Sultan Awais Jahangiri Swati for the control of northern territories in the Dardistan region.[1]
| Malik Ahmad Khan Yusufzai | |
|---|---|
| Yusufzai Chieftain | |
| Reign | 1520–1535 |
| Predecessor | Malak Sultan Shah Yusufzai |
| Successor | Malak Gaju Khan Yusufzai |
| Born | 1460 Kabulistan, Timurid Empire (in present-day Kabul, Kabul Province, Afghanistan) |
| Died | 1530 (aged 70) Malakand (in present-day Malakand District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) |
| Father | Malak Sultan Shah |
The Dilzaks had initially given refuge to the Yusufzai before they were driven out by them.[2] After being expelled, Malak Ahmad Khan replaced his uncle Malak Suleiman Shah as the chief of the Yusufzai.[3] To gain a foothold in Swat, Malak Ahmed Khan established family ties through his sister named Shahida Bibi in marriage to Sultan Awais Jahangiri Swati and as soon as opportunity offered by Bibi, Yousafzais assembled their forces and attacked Swat.[4]
Through matrimonial alliance of the Bibi Mubarika marriage to Babur, the Yusufzai made peace with the Mughals and went on to complete the establishment of their stronghold in Dir, Swat, Buner, Malakand, Swabi and Mardan with Thana, Malakand as the capital. Bibi Mubarika was the daughter of Shah Mansur, who was the son of Malak Suleiman Shah and the cousin of Malak Ahmad Khan.[a]
Early life
editAhmad Khan was born in or around 1460 to the Mandanr Yusufzai tribe of Pashtuns. He was the son of Malak Sultan Shah and the grandson of Malak Tajudeen. The Yusufzai migrated from Kandahar, Afghanistan to Kabul when Ulugh Beg was governor. He succeeded his father Shah Rukh, who was the son of Timur, in 1447 A.D. The Yusufzai settled outside Kabul and were one of the most influential Pashtuns. When Ulugh Beg II came to power, the Yusufzai lent him their support. Ulugh Beg II was the son-in-law of Malak Suleiman Shah. Ulugh Beg II initially favored them. Over time problems arose between the Yusufzai and the Timurids and the Yusufzai defeated them in a battle. It is also said that the Yusufzai viewed the Timurids as foreigners and wanted to united all Afghans under ethnic Afghan rule. Orientalist Annette Beveridge recorded the following regarding Ulugh Beg and the head of the Yusufzai, Malik Sulaiman: "One day a wise man of the tribe, Shaikh Usman saw Sulaiman sitting with the young Mirza (Ulugh Beg) on his knee and warned him that the boy had the eyes of Yazid I and would destroy him and his family as Yazid had destroyed that of Prophet Muhammad. Sulaiman paid him no attention and gave the Mirza his daughter in marriage. Subsequently, the Mirza, having invited the Yusufzai to Kabul, treacherously killed Sulaiman and 700 of his followers. They were killed at the place called Siyah-sang near Kabul; it is still known as the Grave of the Martyrs. Their tombs are revered and that of Shaikh Usman in particular." Malak Suleiman Shah made three requests of Ulugh Beg, the third was that Ahmad Khan's life should be spared, this was the only request granted, The massacre took place in 1484, Ulugh Beg sensed that the Yusufzai were now too powerful to be defeated in the field after defeat in the battle of Ghwarah Margha. He invited the Yusufzai inside Kabul on the pretext of a peace treaty. He arranged a big feast and asked them to hand over their weapons at the gate. With the help of the Gigyani (Khakai/Khashi branch), 701 of Yusufzai chiefs including Malak Suleiman were massacred. The only one spared was Malak Ahmad Khan. Malak Ahmad Khan led the Yusufzai to the east settling in Dilzak lands. He married the sister of the Malak of Dilzaks, the Malak of Dilzaks later killed this sister for unknown reasons.[5][6]
Family background
editMalak Ahmad Khan was the son of Malak Sultan Shah, the chief of the Yusufzai and son of Malak Tajudeen, the son of Malak Tajudeen, the son of Malak Qasim.[7]
References
edit- ^ For clarity; Ahmad Khan and Shah Mansur are first cousins
- ^ Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988). The Transformation of Afghan Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450–1600. Duke University. pp. 191–210.
- ^ Khan, Muhammad Nawaz (2004). سواتی: تاریخ کے آئینے میں (in Urdu). Peshawar, Pakistan: Gandhara Markaz, Shahbaz Garhi (Mardan) and Peshawar.
- ^ "Malik Ahmad Baba Yousafzai's life, services to be rembered". The News.
- ^ Raverty, Major. "Notes on Afghanistan and part of Baluchistan". Internet Archives.
- ^ Abu'l-Fazl "Vol-III" The Akbarnama (1596/1907) translation by H. Beveridge
- ^ Beveridge, Annette Susannah (7 January 2014). The Bābur-nāma in English, Memoirs of Bābur. Project Gutenberg.
- ^ Khan, Khan Roshan (1986). Yousafzai Qaum Ki Sarguzisht (in Urdu and Pashto). Karachi, Pakistan: Roshan Khan and company.