The Maimana Khanate (Persian: خانات میمنه, Uzbek: میمنه خانلیغی) was an Uzbek[1] Khanate in Northern Afghanistan centered around the town of Maimana. It was founded in 1747 with the death of Nader Shah. The Mings had been the governors of Maimana since 1621.[2] Hajji Bi Ming was the first independent ruler of the khanate. After the death of Ahmad Khan in 1814, Sar-i Pul seceded from the khanate.[2][3] In the 1830s Sar-i Pul took the district of Gurziwan from Maimana.[2] The Aimaq tribes of the Murghab broke away from Maimana by 1845.[4] In 1847 and 1850 it resisted attempts by the Emirate of Herat to annex it.[3][2] In 1875 the khanate rebelled against Afghanistan but it was crushed and the city sacked.[5] In 1892 the khanate was annexed by Afghanistan.[4]

Maimana Khanate
خانات میمنه (Persian)
CapitalMaymana
Common languagesPersian
Uzbek (lingua franca, language of commerce)
Ethnic groups
Uzbeks
Arabs
Hazaras
Baluch people
History 
• Established
1747
• Disestablished
1892
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Afsharid Iran
Emirate of Afghanistan
Today part ofAfghanistan

History

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Invasion by Yar Mohammad Khan

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In 1844, the rulers of the Chahar Wilayat broke out into open war again. Mizrab Khan of Maimana and Rustam Khan of Sheberghan mounted a joint attack on the new ruler of Andkhui, Ghazanfar Khan.[2] Ghazanfar was overthrown and his uncle, Sufi Khan, was installed as the new ruler. Ghazanfar fled to Bukhara and agreed to pay tribute if Nasrullah Khan would restore him to the throne of Andkhui. Nasrullah agreed and sent Ghazanfar to the Mir Wali of Khulm (who was an ally of Bukhara).[2][5] Mir Wali was eager to settle old scores. Aided by the Ishans of Balkh and Mazar-i Sharif, Mir Wali marched into the Chahar Wilayat. Sar-i Pul defected and attacked Shebarghan. Rustam Khan requested help from Mizrab Khan, however, in early 1845, Mizrab Khan died after he was poisoned by one of his wives. As a result, his two sons (Hukumat Khan and Sher Mohammad Khan) not only made a truce with each other but also supported Bukhara's invasion.[2][5][3] Therefore, Shebarghan was annexed by Sar-I Pul and Ghazanfar Khan was re-instated as the ruler of Andkhui. However, Ghazanfar refused to pay tribute to Bukhara and as a result Nasrullah supported Rustam Khan in recapturing Sherbarghan and deposing Ghazanfar Khan (once more re-instating Sufi Khan as head of the Andkhui Afshars).[2]

At the same time, the truce between Hukumat Khan and Sher Mohammad Khan broke down and the two fought for control of Maimana. Yar Mohammad Khan intervened and temporarily settled the dispute. Sher Mohammad was given control of Maimana while Hukumat Khan would control agriculture and mercantile trade,[2][3] effectively becoming Sher Mohammad's diwanbegi.[2] In addition to this, Yar Mohammad also attempted to create two Tajik battalions in the hopes that they would be more loyal to Herat.[2][6]

In the Summer of 1847, Hukumat Khan requested assistance against Sher Mohammad Khan, becoming the pretext for war Yar Mohammad needed.[5] Yar Mohammad marched against Maimana with 20,000 troops (half of those being composed of Aimaq and Turkmen tribesmen eager for loot).[2] When the army reached Chichaktu (on the frontier between Herat and Maimana), it quickly fell and the town was sacked.[2][3] When Hukumat Khan heard of this, he quickly rushed to tender his submission and provided the army with supplies, preventing the Heratis from doing the same to other regions of Maimana.[2] Yar Mohammad also punished the looters by amputating their noses and ears even though it was quite obvious he had sanctioned the sacking.[2]

They soon marched on Sher Mohammad Khan's stronghold of Khairabad and the fortress was torn apart. Sher Mohammad initially fled and eventually reconciled with his brother.[2] Ghazanfar Khan of Andkhui also requested Yar Mohammad Khan's aid in overthrowing Sufi Khan. Sufi Khan was put to death and Andkhui was subjected to a brutal sacking.[5][2][3] Yar Mohammad intended to continue his advance to Aqcha and Balkh even though it was in the winter. He swiftly occupied Aqcha but failed to take Sheberghan and was forced to retreat to Maimana. The population refused to open their gates, so Hukumat Khan guided the army through a route going around the capital. The march back to Bala Morghab was devastating and many Herati soldiers died due to the cold or hunger.[2][5][3] Yar Mohammad Khan returned to Herat in late February or Early March 1848, and attempted to recover from the defeat.

In November 1849, Yar Mohammad demanded Hukumat Khan to pay tribute to Herat. When this offer was refused, Maimana was besieged with a force of 6,000 men and the city was surrounded for 11 months.[2][3] However, Maimana continued to hold out and it was detrimental to Herat's future as an independent state.[2] In 1849 and 1850, the Barakzais had already incorporated significant parts of Afghan Turkestan into their kingdom, and if all of the region was to fall then Herat could be simultaneously attacked from Maimana and Qandahar. The siege of Maimana also helped the Barakzais because it made sure that Maimana's powerful army wouldn't come to the aid of the petty states of the region.[2] Eventually, in September 1850, the siege of Maimana was lifted and Yar Mohammad Khan returned in defeat to Herat.[2][5][3]

Territory Administration

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By 1888, Maimana's territory had been greatly reduced. The area of Daulatabad, serving as an important defense along the borders of Andkhui, had been seized by the Afghan administration and given to Aqcha. Darzab and Gurziwan had also been lost, becoming administered from Sar-i Pul.[7]

In 1888, Maimana was divided into 8 districts:[8]

  1. Maimana میمنه
  2. Namusa va Langar ناموسا و لنگر
  3. Almar المار
  4. Karai کری
  5. Qaisar قیصار
  6. Chichaktu چیچکتو
  7. Shirin Tagao شیرین تگاب
  8. Khairabad خیرآباد

The breakdown of each individual district can be found below.

Maimana district

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Villages of the Maimana District[9]
Village

ده

Ethnic composition Population (families)
Maimana

میمنه

Mostly Uzbeks 4,000 houses
Tailan valley Mostly Uzbek 770 families (total)
Tailan

تیلان

Shah Kamani Uzbeks 60
Haoz-i Amir Bai

حوض امیر بای

Shah Kamani Uzbeks 120
Sang-i Zard

سنگ زرد

Shah Kamani Uzbeks 15
Aq Darra

آق دره

Shah Kamani Uzbeks 40
Deh-i Pir Khisht

ده پیر خشت

Khwajas and Firozkohis 60
Aq Chashmah[a]

آق چشمه

Shah Kamani Uzbeks 20
Bai Mukhli (Mughuli)

بای مخلی (مغلی)

Sungh Ali Uzbeks 80
Chahartut

چهارتوت

Sungh Ali Uzbeks 20
Dahan-i Darra (Qal'ah-yi Niyaz Beg)

دهان دره (قلعه نیاز بیگ)

Uzbeks and Arabs 30
Kusht-i Girma

کشت گرمه

Allakah Uzbeks 40
Shah Folad

شاه فولاد

Shah Kamani Uzbeks 40
Unchelad

اونچلاد

Baluch 70
Gurziwani[b]

گرزیوانی

Gurziwani Uzbeks 60
Jam Shiri

جمشیری

Jamshiri Uzbeks 30
Kotal Gumai[c]

کوتل گمی

Kotari Uzbeks 55
Toghachi[d]

توغچی

Toghachi Uzbeks 30
Namusa Tagao

ناموسا تگاو

Mixed 315 families (total)
Bibi A'ineh

بی بی آئینه

Sartarash Arabs 30
Torpakhtu

تورپاختو

Surkhabi (Hazaras?) 30
Muzi[e]

موزی

Muzi Uzbeks 60
Kaush Khel[f]

کاوش‌خیل

Kaush Uzbeks 40
Sar Bulaq

سر بولاق

Bazari Uzbeks 70
Takatuzi

تکتزی

Baimaqli 30
Bad Qaq

باد قاق

Salor Turkmen (Begi Sarkar section) 55
Darra Sel and Agha Lara Mixed 280 families (total)
Aqsai

آق‌ سی

Uzbeks and Arabs 50
Omakhai[g]

اومخی

Sadullai Firozkohis 30
Mir Shikar

میر شکر

Uzbeks and Firozkohis 200

Namusa va Langar district

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Villages of the Namusa va Langar district[10]
Village Ethnic Composition Population
Namusa Solely Baluch 144 families (total)
Bai Ghesi

بای غسی

Baluch 10
Gadai Qal'ah

گدای قلعه

Baluch 40
Imarat

عمارت

Baluch 14
Katta Qal'ah

کته قلعه

Baluch 12
Qunjagh 'Ali

قنجغ علی

Baluch 11
Shah Nazar

شاه نظر

Baluch 7
Uima Qal'ah

اویمه قلعه

Baluch 38
Gulnabad

گلون‌آباد

Baluch 12
Langar Mostly Baluch 99 families (total)
Chim Qal'ah

چیم قلعه

Baluch 20
Aq Mazar[h]

آق مزار

Baighazi Uzbeks 12
Qasabah Qal'ah

قصبه قلعه

Baluch 25
Khwaja Qul

خواجه قل

Baluch 12?
Mingdarakht

منگ درخت

Baluch 30

Almar district

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Villages of the Almar District[11]
Villages Ethnic composition Population (families)
Qarah Quli

قره قلی

Allach Uzbeks 45
Ituraq

ایتوراق

Allach Uzbeks 50
Qilichli

قلیچلی

Qilichi Allach Uzbeks 40
Jilgildah

جلگلده

Jilgildi Allach Uzbeks 50
Qarah Quli (2nd) Qarah Quli Allach Uzbeks 80
Surf 'Ali

صرف‌علی

Surf 'Ali Allach Uzbeks 30
Qarah Tanak

قره تنک

Qarah Tanak Allach Uzbeks 55
Akhund Baba

آخوند بابا

Khwajas 35
Noghai-yi Bala

نوغی بالا

Noghai Allach Uzbeks 30
Khudai Mad Khudai Mad Allach Uzbeks 70
Chaghatai

چغتای

Chaghatai Allach Uzbeks 70
Noghai-yi Pa'in

نوغی پائین

Noghai Allach Uzbeks 40
Baighazi[i]

بای‌غازی

Baighazi Allach Uzbeks 50
Bukhara Qal'ah

بخارا قلعه

Bukharan Uzbeks 60
Qal'ah-yi Niyaz Atal

قلعه نیاز اتال

Khudai Mad Allach Uzbeks 20
Diwanah Khanah

دیوانه خانه

Mixed Allach Uzbeks 40

Karai

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This district was inhabited by the Karais, a tribe of Qara Qipchaq origin.[12] They were the large flock-owners of Maimana, and were able to protect their flocks from Turkmen raids by retreating to the hills. By 1888, they had largely assimilated into the Uzbek population.[12]

Villages of the Karai district[12]
Village Ethnic composition Population (families)
Gaojan Mostly Karais 270 families
Qishlaq-i 'Aqil

قشلاق عقیل

Khalifa Karais 100
Another Mohalla near Farhad Beg Karais 50
Dewanah Khanah

دیوانه خانه

Karais 40
Qishlaq-i Ata Murad

قشلاق آتا مراد

Khwajas 20
Qishlaq-i Farhad Beg

قشلاق فرهاد بیگ

Karais 60
Parakhaman All Karais 325 families
1st Mohalla

محله یکم

Karais 65
2nd Mohalla

محله دوم

Karais 85
3rd Mohalla

محله سوم

Karais 70
4th Mohalla

محله چهارم

Karais 50
5th Mohalla

محله پنجم

Karais 55

Qaisar district

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Village Ethnic composition Population (families)
Tagao-i Karai Mostly Karai 130 families
Qaisar proper Mixed 370 families
Tangi-yi Pa'in

تنگی پائین

Ungajit Uzbeks 40
Qishlaq-i Mirha

قشلاق میرها

Mirs 30
Bori 70
Arzulak[j]

ارزولک

Surkhabi Hazaras 40
Kohi

کوهی

Kohi Ungajit Uzbeks 25
Sar Asiab

سر آسیاب

Khwajas 15
Mad Khwaja[k]

ماد خواجه

Haidari Ungajit Uzbeks 30
Za'faran

زعفران

Khwajas 20
Sazai Kalan[l]

سازی کلان

Ungajit Uzbeks 20
Ghora

غوره

Mixed 80
Hirah Uzbeks and Khwajas 260 families
Five villages

پنج ده

Mikrit Uzbeks 200
Khwajah Kenti

خواجه کنتی

Khwajas 60

Chichaktu district

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Shirin Tagao district

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Khairabad district

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Villages of the Khairabad district[13]
Village Ethnic composition Population (families)
Top Khanah Qal'ah

توپ خانه قلعه

Arghun Uzbeks 60
Khairabad

خیرآباد

Arghun Uzbeks 200
Khuda-yi Mad

خدای‌مد

Arghun Uzbeks 90
Total Arghun Uzbeks 350

Rulers

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The following is a list of rulers of the Maimana Khanate according to Johnathan Lee's book.[2]

  • Ataliq Uraz Ming bin Baruti Bi (1612–30/1653–56)
  • Hajji Bi Khan Ming (1731–1772)
  • Jan Khan (1772–1795)
  • In 1795 Jan Khan was briefly succeeded by his eldest son, however the name is not given.
  • Muhammad Rahim Khan (1795–1804)
  • Ataliq Ahmad Quli Khan (1804–1814)
  • Ali Yar Khan (1814–1830)
  • In 1830 an unnamed Persian regent governed the khanate before being deposed.
  • Abd al-Mu'min Khan (1830–31)
  • Mizrab Khan (1831–1845)
  • Hukumat Khan and Sher Muhammad Khan (1845–48)
  • Hukumat Khan (1845–1862)
  • Muhammad Husain Khan bin Mizrab Khan (1862–March 1876)
  • From March 1876 to February 1879 the Maimana Khanate was annexed into Afghanistan and Afghan governors were appointed.
  • Muhammad Husain Khan (February–May 1879)
  • From May to November 1879 the khanate was again annexed into Afghanistan.
  • Between November 1879 and February 1880 there was a civil war in Maimana between the two main contenders to the throne: Dilawar Khan and Mohammad Husain Khan. eventually Dilawar Khan emerged victorious.
  • Dilawar Khan (February 1880–21 May 1884)
  • Muhammad Husain Khan bin Mizrab Khan (21 May 1884–88)
  • In 1888 Maimana was under Herat due to the revolt of Sardar Ishaq Khan.
  • Muhammad Sharif Khan (1889–1892)

Notes

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  1. ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E according to page 48 of the Gazetteer
  2. ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E according to page 231 of the Gazetteer
  3. ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E according to page 366 of the Gazetteer
  4. ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E according to page 579 of the Gazetteer
  5. ^ Coordinates: 36-?N 64-?E according to page 424 of the Gazetteer
  6. ^ Coordinates: 36-?N 64-?E according to page 318 of the Gazetteer
  7. ^ Coordinates: 36-2N 66-38E according to page 432 of the gazetteer.
  8. ^ Coordinates: 36-1N 64-29E according to page 52 of the Gazetteer.
  9. ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E, according to page 93 of the Gazetteer.
  10. ^ Coordinates: 33-?N 64-?E, according to page 85 of the Gazetteer
  11. ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E, according to page 377 of the Gazetteer
  12. ^ Coordinates: 35-?N 64-?E, according to page 522 of the Gazetteer

References

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  1. ^ McChesney, R. D. (2014-07-14). Waqf in Central Asia: Four Hundred Years in the History of a Muslim Shrine, 1480-1889. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6196-5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Lee, Jonathan L. (1996-01-01). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10399-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Noelle, Christine (2012-06-25). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-60317-4.
  4. ^ a b Lee, Jonathan L. (1987). "The History of Maimana in Northwestern Afghanistan 1731-1893". Iran. 25: 107–124. doi:10.2307/4299788. ISSN 0578-6967. JSTOR 4299788.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Lee, Jonathan L. (2019-01-15). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-010-1.
  6. ^ Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.
  7. ^ L. Lee, Johnathan (1996). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan, and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. E. J. Brill. p. 448. ISBN 9789004103993.
  8. ^ India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 380. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.
  9. ^ India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. pp. 381–82. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.
  10. ^ India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 383. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.
  11. ^ India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 384. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.
  12. ^ a b c India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 386. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.
  13. ^ India. Army. General Staff Branch (1972). Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistan. Graz : Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 392. ISBN 978-3-201-00857-0.