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Macedonian conjugation (Macedonian: конјугација) is the creation of derived forms of a Macedonian verb from its principal parts by inflection.
Macedonian verbs are conventionally divided into three main conjugations according to the thematic vowel used in the citation form (i.e. 3p-pres-sg):
- а–group (e.g. вика, бега);
- и–group — further divided into three subgroups according to the thematic vowel in the 1p-aor-sg:
- и–subgroup (носи—носив, учи—учив),
- е–subgroup (остари—остарев, оздрави—оздравев),
- а–subgroup (стои—стојав, лежи—лежов).
- е–group — further divided into four subgroups according to the thematic vowel in the 1p-aor-sg:
- а–subgroup (викне—викнав, падне—паднав),
- е–subgroup (умре—умрев, задре—задрев),
- о–subgroup (пече—пеков, сече—секов),
- ∅–subgroup (i.e. with an athematic stem; пие—пив, трие—трив).
Futurity is expressed by placing the invariable particle ќе before a verb phrase.
Synthetic series
editThe synthetic series consists of three simple tenses—the present, imperfect and aorist—and the imperative mood.
Present tense
edit| Citation form |
Stem | Present Tense (а–group) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| вика | вик– | викам | викаш | вика | викаме | викате | викаат |
| бега | бег– | бегам | бегаш | бега | бегаме | бегате | бегаат |
| Citation form |
Stem | Present Tense (и–group) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| носи | нос– | носам | носиш | носи | носиме | носите | носат |
| учи | уч– | учам | учиш | учи | учиме | учите | учат |
| остари | остар– | остарам | остариш | остари | остариме | остарите | остарат |
| оздрави | оздрав– | оздравам | оздравиш | оздрави | оздравиме | оздравите | оздрават |
| стои | сто(и)– | стојам1 | стоиш | стои | стоиме | стоите | стојат2 |
| лежи | леж– | лежам | лежиш | лежи | лежиме | лежите | лежат |
1, 2 The syllabic thematic vowel и changes to the non-syllabic ј when preceding inflectional suffixes which begin with a vowel.
| Citation form |
Stem | Present Tense (е–group) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| викне | викн– | викнам | викнеш | викне | викнеме | викнете | викнат |
| умре | умр– | умрам | умреш | умре | умреме | умрете | умрат |
Past tenses
editImperfect
edit| Citation form |
Stem | Imperfect (а–group) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| вика | вика– | викав | викаше | викаше | викавме | викавте | викаа |
| бега | бега– | бегав | бегаше | бегаше | бегавме | бегавте | бегаа |
| Citation form |
Stem | Imperfect (и–group) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| оди | оде– | одев | одеше | одеше | одевме | одевте | одеа |
| Citation form |
Stem | Imperfect (е–group) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| јаде | јаде– | јадев | јадеше | јадеше | јадевме | јадевте | јадеа |
Aorist
editа–group
edit| Citation form |
Stem | Aorist (а–group) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| прочита | прочита– | прочитав | прочита | прочита | прочитавме | прочитавте | прочитаа |
и–group
edit| Citation form |
Stem | Aorist (и–group, и–subgroup) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| прати | прати– | пратив | прати | прати | пративме | пративте | пратија3 |
3 An intrusive /j/ occurs between /i/ and /a/.
| Citation form |
Stem | Aorist (и–group, е–subgroup) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| оздрави | оздраве– | оздравев | оздраве | оздраве | оздравевме | оздравевте | оздравеа |
| Citation form |
Stem | Aorist (и–group, а–subgroup) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| издржи | издржа– | издржав | издржа | издржа | издржавме | издржавте | издржаа |
е–group
edit| Citation form |
Stem | Aorist (е–group, а–subgroup) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| стане | стана– | станав | стана | стана | станавме | станавте | станаа |
| Citation form |
Stem | Aorist (е–group, е–subgroup) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| сотре | сотре– | сотрев | сотре | сотре | сотревме | сотревте | сотреа |
| Citation form |
Stem | Aorist (е–group, о–subgroup) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| дојде | дојд– | дојдов | дојде | дојде | дојдовме | дојдовте | дојдоа |
| Citation form |
Stem | Aorist (е–group, ∅–subgroup) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| измие | изми– | измив | изми | изми | измивме | измивте | измија4 |
4 An intrusive /j/ occurs between /i/ and /a/.
Imperative mood
edit| Citation form |
Stem | Imperative (а–group) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| вика | вик– | — | викај | — | — | викајте | — |
| бега | бег– | — | бегај | — | — | бегајте | — |
| Citation form |
Stem | Imperative (и–group) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| носи | нос– | — | носи | — | — | носете | — |
| учи | уч– | — | учи | — | — | учете | — |
| Citation form |
Stem | Imperative (е–group) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| викне | викн– | — | викни | — | — | викнете | — |
| умре | умр– | — | умри | — | — | умрете | — |
Non-finite series
editThe non-finite series consists of the verbal л-form, verbal adverb, verbal noun and verbal adjective.
- The verbal л-form occurs in two forms: one based on the imperfect stem and one based on the aorist stem. The verbal л-form inflects for gender and number.
| Stem base | Verbal л-form of донесе | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural (all genders) | |
| Imperfect | донел | донела | донело | донеле |
| Aorist | донесол | донесла | донесло | донесле |
- The verbal adverb is an invariant form, based on the imperfect stem with the addition of the suffix -јќи; ex. викајќи.
- The verbal noun is based on the imperfect stem of imperfective verbs with the addition of the suffix -ње; ex. одење. The verbal noun inflects for number and case as with other nouns.
- The verbal adjective is based on the aorist stem when the stem ends in /a/. Otherwise, the imperfect stem is used. It is formed by adding -/t/ to the end of the stem where the vowel is preceded by -/n/ or -/ɲ/, otherwise -/n/ is used; for example, покани 'to invite' has the verbal adjective поканет 'invited', and дојде 'to come' has the verbal adjective дојден 'arrived'. The verbal adjective inflects for number, gender and case as with other adjectives.
Analytic series
editThe analytic series consists of compound tenses and the conditional mood. It is further divided into the сум-series, беше-pluperfect series and има-series.
Сум-series
edit- The сум-aorist is formed using the present tense of сум (inflecting for person, and dropped in 3P sg. and 3P pl.) and the aorist verbal л-form.
- The сум-imperfect is formed using the present tense of сум (inflecting for person, and dropped in 3P sg. and 3P pl.) and the imperfect verbal л-form
| Verb | Tense | Сум-series | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| гали | Aorist | сум галил | си галил | галил | сме галиле | сте галиле | галиле |
| гали | Imperfect | сум галел | си галел | галел | сме галеле | сте галеле | галеле |
Беше-pluperfect series
edit- The беше-aorist is formed using the aorist of сум (inflecting for person) and the aorist verbal л-form.
- The беше-imperfect is formed using the imperfect of сум (inflecting for person) and the imperfect verbal л-form.
| Verb | Tense | Беше-pluperfect series | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| гали | Aorist | бев галил | беше галил | беше галил | бевме галиле | бевте галиле | беа галиле |
| гали | Imperfect | бев галел | беше галел | беше галел | бевме галеле | бевте галеле | беа галеле |
Има-series
edit- The има-perfect is formed using the present tense of има (inflecting for person) and the neuter sg. verbal adjective.
- The имаше-pluperfect is formed using the imperfect of има (inflecting for person) and the neuter sg. verbal adjective.
- The имал-perfect is formed using the present tense of сум (inflecting for person, and dropped in 3P sg. and 3P pl.), the verbal л-form of има and the neuter sg. verbal adjective.
| Verb | Tense | Има-series | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| гали | Има-perfect | имам галено | имаш галено | има галено | имаме галено | имате галено | имаат галено |
| гали | Имаше-pluperfect | имав галено | имаше галено | имаше галено | имавме галено | имавте галено | имаа галено |
| гали | Имал-perfect | сум имал галено | си имал галено | имал галено | сме имале галено | сте имате галено | имале галено |
Conditional mood
editThe conditional mood is formed using the invariant particle би with the verbal л-form. Imperfective and perfective verbs typically use the imperfect and aorist verbal л-forms, respectively.
Bibliography
edit- Koneski, B. (1996), Граматика на македонскиот јазик ['A Grammar of the Macedonian Language'] (Macedonian), Skopje: Prosvetno Delo Inc.
- Friedman, V. A. (2001), Macedonian, SEELRC: Duke University.
- Lunt, H. G. (1952), A Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje.
- Foulon–Hristova, J. and Poposki, A. (1998), Grammaire pratique du macédonien ['A Practical Grammar of Macedonian'] (French), Paris: Langues & mondes, l'Asiatthèque.