Luttinger's theorem

In condensed matter physics, Luttinger's theorem is a result derived by J. M. Luttinger and J. C. Ward in 1960 that has broad implications in the field of electron transport. It arises frequently in theoretical models of correlated electrons, such as the high-temperature superconductors, and in photoemission, where a metal's Fermi surface can be directly observed.

Luttinger's theorem relates a Fermi liquid's particle density to the volume of its Fermi surface.

Definition

Luttinger's theorem states that the volume enclosed by a material's Fermi surface is directly proportional to the particle density.

While the theorem is an immediate result of the Pauli exclusion principle in the case of noninteracting particles, it remains true even as interactions between particles are taken into consideration provided that the appropriate definitions of Fermi surface and particle density are adopted. Specifically, in the interacting case the Fermi surface must be defined according to the criteria that

$G(\omega =0,\,p)\to 0$ or $\infty ,$

where $G$ is the single-particle Green function in terms of frequency and momentum. Then Luttinger's theorem can be recast into the form

$n=2\int _{{\mathcal {Re\,}}G(\omega =0,k)>0}{\frac {d^{D}k}{(2\pi )^{D}}}$,

where ${\mathcal {Re\,}}G$ is the real part of the above Green function and $d^{D}k$ is the differential volume of $k$-space in $D$ dimensions.

See also

• Fermi liquid
• Fermi surface
• Luttinger–Ward functional

References

General

• Behnam Farid (2007). "On the Luttinger theorem concerning number of particles in the ground states of systems of interacting fermions". arXiv:0711.0952 [cond-mat.str-el].
• Behnam Farid; Tsvelik (2009). "Comment on "Breakdown of the Luttinger sum rule within the Mott-Hubbard insulator", by J. Kokalj and P. Prelovšek, Phys. Rev. B 78, 153103 (2008)". arXiv:0909.2886 [cond-mat.str-el].
• Behnam Farid (2009). "Comment on "Violation of the Luttinger sum rule within the Hubbard model on a triangular lattice", by J. Kokalj and P. Prelovšek, Eur. Phys. J. B 63, 431 (2008)". arXiv:0909.2887 [cond-mat.str-el].
• Kiaran B. Dave; Philip W. Phillips; Charles L. Kane (2013). "Absence of Luttinger's theorem". Physical Review Letters. 110 (9): 090403. arXiv:1207.4201. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.110i0403D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.090403. PMID 23496693. S2CID 1134967.
• M. Oshikawa (2000). "Topological Approach to Luttinger's Theorem and the Fermi Surface of a Kondo Lattice". Physical Review Letters. 84 (15): 3370–3373. arXiv:cond-mat/0002392. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..84.3370O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.3370. PMID 11019092. S2CID 9806160.
• Mastropietro, Vieri; Mattis, Daniel C. (2013). Luttinger Model: The First 50 Years and Some New Directions. Series on Directions in Condensed Matter Physics. Vol. 20. World Scientific. Bibcode:2013SDCMP..20.....M. doi:10.1142/8875. ISBN 978-981-4520-71-3.
• F. D. M. Haldane (2005). "Luttinger's Theorem and Bosonization of the Fermi Surface". In R. A. Broglia; J. R. Schrieffer (eds.). Proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", Course CXXI "Perspectives in Many-Particle Physics". North-Holland. pp. 5–29. arXiv:cond-mat/0505529. Bibcode:2005cond.mat..5529H.