Lorch Abbey (German: Klosert Lorch) was a Benedictine monastery in Lorch from 1102 to 1556 and again from 1630 to 1648. It was originally the house monastery of the Staufer dynasty. Today, many of its buildings remain and are open to visitors.
History
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Lorch was founded in 1102 by Duke Frederick I of Swabia; his wife, Agnes of Waiblingen; and their sons, the future Duke Frederick II and King Conrad III.[1][2] Its original buildings were completed by 1108 atop the Liebfrauenberg (Mountain of the Virgin).[1] It lay on allodial property a few miles north of Hohenstaufen Castle on the other side of the river Rems.[2] It at first served as a private church of the Staufer dynasty.[1] In 1136, it was donated to papacy and accepted by Pope Innocent II.[2]
In 1139, Duke Frederick II was elected advocatus by the monks. He was then appointed by his brother, King Conrad III, who ruled that the head of the dynasty would thenceforth always be elected advocatus. In 1154, Frederick II's son, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, clarified that it was the eldest descendant of Frederick II and Conrad III who would always be advocatus.[2] It was probably around 1139 that Conrad III moved Frederick I's remains to the abbey for reburial.[2] Many members of the Staufer family were buried at Lorch after 1140. The exact number and identity of burials is unknown.[1] Conrad III desired to be buried there but was not.[2]
After the death of Conradin in 1268, Lorch was acquired by the County of Württemberg.[1] From the 13th century, the lords of Woellwarth endowed a chapel olding a purported relic of the skull of Saint Maurice.[3] As a result, in the 15th and 16th centuries, they had the right to be buried in the chapel.[1][3] In 1475, Abbot Nikolaus Schenk von Arberg opened the Staufer tombs and gathered the bones into a single new richly carved sarcophagus and placed it in the nave.[3] The complex was damaged in 1525 during the German Peasants' War.[1] The monastery was closed during the Reformation in 1556.[3] During the Thirty Years' War, it was briefly restored as a Catholic house under the Abbey of Saint Blaise in 1630. It was closed again with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.[4]
Plans to demolish the remains of the monastery were halted in the late 19th century, when it came to be seen as a monument to the Staufer. Today, it is operated by Baden-Württemberg's State Palaces and Gardens and is open to visitors.[3]
Buildings
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Lorch was a fortified monastery, surrounded by a rampart and stone wall with round towers. The wall as it still stands was built in the 13th century to expand the area of the monastery. It was renovated in the early 16th century. The eastern gate once had a tower, gatehouses and a moat with a drawbridge.[3] The buildings were originally built in the Romanesque style.[1]
The largest building was the cruciform church, which mostly still stands.[3] Its altar was dedicated to Saint Peter in 1139.[1][3] It had two round towers on its west façade. Only the Marsilius tower remains.[3] Originally Romanesque, the church received a Gothic renovation in 1469 under Abbot Nikolaus Schenk von Arberg.[1][3] Around 1500, the church had twelve altars. Once richly decorated, its decor has now been totally removed.[3] This includes once sizeable relic collection. The eight piers of the nave are decorated with paintings of the Staufer kings from around 1500.[1] The last of the church's furnishings, such as choir stalls, were taken out in 1833–1838, leaving an empty interior.[3]
The monks' residence, the cloister, was attached to the church. Only its north wing survives, the rest a victim of the Peasants' War. It is now known as the "prelature" and includes the former dormitory, chapter house and refectory. There are murals of the life of Christ from about 1530 in the refectory. A modern mural depicting the sweep of Staufer history was added by Hans Kloss to the chapter house. The half-timber abbot's house, a separate building which also served as a guesthouse, still stands. The bailiwick, the residence of the steward and later used by the dukes of Württemberg during hunting trips, has been torn down.[3]
The monastery's outbuildings included a hospital, school, cavalier house and tithe barns. The latter still stand, but the hospital and school are known only through archaeological excavations. A herb garden is still maintained at the site.[3]
Burials
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Known or suspected Staufer burials at Lorch include:
- Frederick I, Duke of Swabia[2]
- Henry (VI), Conrad III's son and co-king[2]
- Judith of Bavaria, Barbarossa's mother[2]
- Rainald and William, Barbarossa's sons who died in infancy[2]
- Beatrice of Swabia, Barbarossa's daughter[2]
- Conrad II, Duke of Swabia[2]
- Irene Angelina, queen[1]
- Beatrice of Swabia, empress[1]
The Staufer were remembered annually by the monks on September 2.[3]
In addition, the tombs of the abbots were also in the abbey. There are many surviving tomb slabs, some richly decorated. Some of the Woellwarth tomb slabs are also preserved.[3]
List of abbots
editLorch had 25 recorded Catholic abbots and one administrator. Their dates of tenure are often uncertain.[4]
- Harpert, 1102?–1124
- Kraft, fl. 1136–1162
- Heinrich, fl. 1162–1194
- Friedrich (I), fl. 1239
- Konrad, fl. 1251
- Ulrich (I), fl. 1260–1278
- Gebezo, fl. 1290–1295
- Friedrich (II), fl. 1328
- Ulrich (II), dates uncertain
- Kuno von Gundelfingen, resigned as abbot in 1329, as administrator in 1330
- Ludwg (I), 1337–1360
- Ludwig (II) von Stubenberg, 1360–1371
- Volkart (I) von Schechingen, 1372–1389
- Volkart (II) von Woellwarth, 1389–1399
- Johannes von Schechingen, 1399/1412–????
- Wilhelm Schenk von Arberg, 1416–1441
- Volkart (III) von Schechingen, 1441–1461
- Nikolaus Schenk von Arberg, 1460/77–1479
- Jodokus Winkelhofer, 1480–????
- Georg Kerler, ????–1510
- Sebastian Sitterich, 1510–1525
- Laurentius Autenrieth, c. 1526–1548
- Benedikt Rebstock, 1549–1563
- Friedrich (III) Kohler, 1630–1639, administrator
- Vincentius Haug, 1639–1641
- Placidus Rauber, 1641–1648
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Leslie Anne Hamel, "Lorch", in John Jeep (ed.), Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia (Garland, 2001), p. 466.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l John Freed, Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth (Yale University Press, 2016), pp. 3–5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Burial Place of the House of Staufer with Many Events: Lorch Monastery, Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten, Baden-Württemberg. Retrieved (along with subpages) on 30 November 2024.
- ^ a b Pirmin August Lindner and Willibald Hauthaler, Monasticon Episcopatus Augustani antiqui: Verzeichnisse der Aebte, Pröpste und Aebtissinnen der Klöster der alten Diözese Augsburg (Bregenz, 1913), pp. 80–82.