Wikipedia

List of governors of Texas

The governor of Texas is the head of government of the U.S. state of Texas. The incumbent, Greg Abbott, is the forty-eighth governor to serve in the office since Texas' statehood in 1845.

Governor of Texas
Gubernatorial seal
Gubernatorial standard
Incumbent
Greg Abbott
since January 20, 2015
Style
ResidenceTexas Governor's Mansion
Term lengthFour years, no term limit
Inaugural holderJames Pinckney Henderson
1846
FormationTexas Constitution
Salary$150,000 (2013)[1]
Websitegov.texas.gov

When compared to those of other states, the governorship of Texas has been described as one of relative weakness.[2][3] In some respects, it is the lieutenant governor of Texas, who presides over the Texas Senate, who possesses greater influence to exercise their prerogatives.[2][3]

Rick Perry is the longest-serving governor, having assumed the governorship in 2000 upon the exit of George W. Bush, who resigned to take office as the 43rd president of the United States. Perry was elected in 2002 and he was re-elected in 2006 and 2010 serving for 14 years before choosing to retire in 2014.

Allan Shivers assumed the governorship upon the death of Beauford Jester in July 1949 and was elected in 1950 and re-elected in 1952 and 1954, serving for 7+1⁄2 years, making him the third longest serving governor before choosing to retire in 1956. Price Daniel was elected to the governorship in 1956 and re-elected in 1958 and 1960 before losing his re-election for an unprecedented fourth term in the 1962 Democratic primary, missing the runoff. John Connally was elected in 1962 and re-elected in 1964 and 1966 before choosing to retire in 1968, leaving office on January 21, 1969. Bill Clements served two non-consecutive four-year terms, having been elected in 1978 but lost re-election in 1982 before winning re-election in 1986, choosing to retire in 1990, previously held the record as the second longest-serving governor: both of Shivers and Clements' records were surpassed by Perry.

Current governor Greg Abbott was elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2018 and again in 2022. He is the second longest-serving governor and on track to serve 12 years by January 19, 2027.

Governors

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For the period before annexation, see List of Texas governors and presidents.

Texas was annexed by the United States and admitted to the Union on December 29, 1845.[4]

The governor is inaugurated on the third Tuesday of January every four years along with the lieutenant governor, and serves a term of four years. Prior to the present laws, in 1845, the state's first constitution established the office of governor, serving a term of two years, but no more than four years of every six.[5] The 1861 constitution, following secession from the Union, established the first Monday of November following election as the term's start.[6] Following the end of the American Civil War, the 1866 constitution increased term length to four years, limiting overall service to no more than eight years of every twelve, moving the term's start to the first Thursday following organization of the legislature, or "as soon thereafter as practicable."[7] The constitution of 1869, enacted during Reconstruction, removed term limitations,[8] to this day making Texas one of sixteen states, territory or jurisdiction (including the U.S. Territory Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia[9] with no limit on gubernatorial terms. The present constitution of 1876 returned terms to two years,[10] but a 1972 amendment again returned them to four.[11]

In the case of a vacancy in the office, the lieutenant governor becomes governor.[12] Prior to a 1999 amendment, the lieutenant governor only acted as governor until the expiration of the term to which he succeeded.[13][14] The governor and the lieutenant governor are not officially elected on the same ticket.

Governors of the State of Texas
No. Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[a]
1     J. Pinckney Henderson
(1808–1858)
[15][16] 		February 19, 1846[17]
–
December 21, 1847
(did not run)[15] 		Democratic[18] 1845   Albert Clinton Horton[b]
2   George Tyler Wood
(1795–1858)
[19][20] 		December 21, 1847[21]
–
December 21, 1849
(lost election) 		Democratic[18] 1847 John Alexander Greer
3   Peter Hansborough Bell
(1810–1898)
[22][23] 		December 21, 1849[24]
–
November 23, 1853
(resigned)[c] 		Democratic[18] 1849
1851 James W. Henderson
4   James W. Henderson
(1817–1880)
[26] 		November 23, 1853[27]
–
December 21, 1853
(successor took office) 		Democratic[18] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
5   Elisha M. Pease
(1812–1883)
[28][29] 		December 21, 1853[30]
–
December 21, 1857
(term-limited)[d] 		Democratic[18] 1853 David Catchings Dickson
1855 Hardin Richard Runnels
6   Hardin Richard Runnels
(1820–1873)
[32][33] 		December 21, 1857[34]
–
December 21, 1859
(lost election) 		Democratic[18] 1857 Francis Lubbock
7   Sam Houston
(1793–1863)
[35][36] 		December 21, 1859[37]
–
March 16, 1861
(removed)[e] 		Independent[18] 1859 Edward Clark
8   Edward Clark
(1815–1880)
[38][39] 		March 16, 1861[40]
–
November 7, 1861
(lost election) 		Democratic[18] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
9   Francis Lubbock
(1815–1905)
[41][42] 		November 7, 1861[43]
–
November 5, 1863
(did not run) 		Democratic[18] 1861 John McClannahan Crockett
10   Pendleton Murrah
(d. 1865)
[44][45] 		November 5, 1863[46]
–
June 17, 1865
(office vacated)[f] 		Democratic[18] 1863 Fletcher Stockdale
11   Andrew Jackson Hamilton
(1815–1875)
[52][53] 		June 17, 1865[54]
–
August 9, 1866
(successor took office) 		Military governor
appointed by President 		Vacant
12   James W. Throckmorton
(1825–1894)
[55][56] 		August 9, 1866[57]
–
July 30, 1867
(removed)[g] 		Democratic[18] 1866 George Washington Jones
13   Elisha M. Pease
(1812–1883)
[28][29] 		July 30, 1867[58]
–
September 30, 1869
(resigned)[h] 		Installed by
military occupation 		Vacant
— Vacant
[51] 		September 30, 1869
–
January 8, 1870 		Office vacated
after resignation
14   Edmund J. Davis
(1827–1883)
[59][60] 		January 8, 1870[61]
–
January 15, 1874
(lost election) 		Republican[18] 1869
15   Richard Coke
(1829–1897)
[62][63] 		January 15, 1874[64]
–
December 1, 1876
(resigned)[i] 		Democratic[18] 1873 Richard B. Hubbard
1876
16   Richard B. Hubbard
(1832–1901)
[65][66] 		December 1, 1876[67]
–
January 21, 1879
(did not run) 		Democratic[18] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
17   Oran Milo Roberts
(1815–1898)
[68][69] 		January 21, 1879[70]
–
January 16, 1883
(did not run) 		Democratic[18] 1878 Joseph D. Sayers
1880 Leonidas Jefferson Storey
18   John Ireland
(1827–1896)
[71][72] 		January 16, 1883[73]
–
January 18, 1887
(did not run) 		Democratic[18] 1882 Francis Marion Martin
1884 Barnett Gibbs
19   Lawrence Sullivan Ross
(1838–1898)
[74][75] 		January 18, 1887[76]
–
January 20, 1891
(did not run) 		Democratic[18] 1886 Thomas Benton Wheeler
1888
20   Jim Hogg
(1851–1906)
[77][78] 		January 20, 1891[79]
–
January 15, 1895
(did not run) 		Democratic[18] 1890 George C. Pendleton
1892 Martin McNulty Crane
21   Charles A. Culberson
(1855–1925)
[80][81] 		January 15, 1895[82]
–
January 17, 1899
(did not run) 		Democratic[18] 1894 George Taylor Jester
1896
22   Joseph D. Sayers
(1841–1929)
[83][84] 		January 17, 1899[85]
–
January 20, 1903
(did not run)[83] 		Democratic[18] 1898 James Browning
1900
23   S. W. T. Lanham
(1846–1908)
[86][87] 		January 20, 1903[88]
–
January 15, 1907
(did not run)[86] 		Democratic[18] 1902 George D. Neal
1904
24   Thomas Mitchell Campbell
(1856–1923)
[89][90] 		January 15, 1907[91]
–
January 17, 1911
(did not run)[89] 		Democratic[18] 1906 Asbury Bascom Davidson
1908
25   Oscar Branch Colquitt
(1861–1940)
[92][93] 		January 17, 1911[94]
–
January 19, 1915
(did not run)[92] 		Democratic[18] 1910
1912 William Harding Mayes
26   James E. Ferguson
(1871–1944)
[95][96] 		January 19, 1915[97]
–
September 22, 1917
(impeached and removed)[j] 		Democratic[18] 1914 William P. Hobby
1916
27   William P. Hobby
(1878–1964)
[99][100] 		September 22, 1917[k]
–
January 18, 1921
(did not run)[99] 		Democratic[18] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
1918 Willard Arnold Johnson
28   Pat Morris Neff
(1871–1952)
[103][104] 		January 18, 1921[105]
–
January 20, 1925
(did not run)[103] 		Democratic[18] 1920 Lynch Davidson
1922 Thomas Whitfield Davidson
29   Miriam A. Ferguson
(1875–1961)
[106][107] 		January 20, 1925[108]
–
January 18, 1927
(lost nomination)[106] 		Democratic[18] 1924 Barry Miller
30   Dan Moody
(1893–1966)
[109][110] 		January 18, 1927[111]
–
January 20, 1931
(did not run)[109] 		Democratic[18] 1926
1928
31   Ross S. Sterling
(1875–1949)
[112][113] 		January 20, 1931[114]
–
January 17, 1933
(lost nomination)[112] 		Democratic[18] 1930 Edgar E. Witt
32   Miriam A. Ferguson
(1875–1961)
[106][107] 		January 17, 1933[115]
–
January 15, 1935
(did not run)[106] 		Democratic[18] 1932
33   James Burr V Allred
(1899–1959)
[116][117] 		January 15, 1935[118]
–
January 17, 1939
(did not run)[116] 		Democratic[18] 1934 Walter Frank Woodul
1936
34   W. Lee O'Daniel
(1890–1969)
[119][120] 		January 17, 1939[121]
–
August 4, 1941
(resigned)[l] 		Democratic[18] 1938 Coke R. Stevenson
1940
35   Coke R. Stevenson
(1888–1975)
[122][123] 		August 4, 1941[124]
–
January 21, 1947
(did not run) 		Democratic[18] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
1942 John Lee Smith
1944
36   Beauford H. Jester
(1893–1949)
[125][126] 		January 21, 1947[127]
–
July 11, 1949
(died in office) 		Democratic[18] 1946 Allan Shivers
1948
37   Allan Shivers
(1907–1985)
[128][129] 		July 11, 1949[130]
–
January 15, 1957
(did not run)[128] 		Democratic[18] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
1950 Ben Ramsey
1952
1954
38   Price Daniel
(1910–1988)
[131][132] 		January 15, 1957[133]
–
January 15, 1963
(lost nomination)[131] 		Democratic[18] 1956
1958
1960
Vacant
39   John Connally
(1917–1993)
[134][135] 		January 15, 1963[136]
–
January 21, 1969
(did not run)[134] 		Democratic[18] 1962 Preston Smith
1964
1966
40   Preston Smith
(1912–2003)
[137][138] 		January 21, 1969[139]
–
January 16, 1973
(lost nomination) 		Democratic[18] 1968 Ben Barnes
1970
41   Dolph Briscoe
(1923–2010)
[140][141] 		January 16, 1973[142]
–
January 16, 1979
(lost nomination)[m] 		Democratic[18] 1972 William P. Hobby Jr.
1974
42   Bill Clements
(1917–2011)
[143] 		January 16, 1979[144]
–
January 18, 1983
(lost election) 		Republican[143] 1978
43   Mark White
(1940–2017)
[145] 		January 18, 1983[146]
–
January 20, 1987
(lost election) 		Democratic[145] 1982
44   Bill Clements
(1917–2011)
[143] 		January 20, 1987[147]
–
January 15, 1991
(did not run) 		Republican[143] 1986
45   Ann Richards
(1933–2006)
[148] 		January 15, 1991[149]
–
January 17, 1995
(lost election) 		Democratic[148] 1990 Bob Bullock
46   George W. Bush
(b. 1946)
[150] 		January 17, 1995[151]
–
December 21, 2000
(resigned)[n] 		Republican[150] 1994
1998 Rick Perry
47   Rick Perry
(b. 1950)
[152] 		December 21, 2000[153]
–
January 20, 2015
(did not run) 		Republican[152] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Bill Ratliff
2002 David Dewhurst
2006
2010
48   Greg Abbott
(b. 1957)
[154] 		January 20, 2015[155]
–
Incumbent[o] 		Republican[154] 2014 Dan Patrick
2018
2022

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  2. ^ Horton acted as governor from May 19 to November 15, 1846, while Henderson was out of state commanding troops in Mexico.[18]
  3. ^ Bell resigned, having been elected to the United States House of Representatives.[18][25]
  4. ^ Under the 1845 constitution, governors were ineligible to serve more than four years in any term of six years.[31]
  5. ^ Houston refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Confederate States of America, so the secession convention declared the office vacant.[35]
  6. ^ Murrah fled for Mexico around June 11, during the collapse of the Confederacy, dying there two months later.[44] Some sources list Lieutenant Governor Fletcher Stockdale as succeeding him and serving from June 11, to either June 16, when Andrew Jackson Hamilton was appointed military governor,[47][48] or July 25, when Hamilton arrived in Austin.[49] However, some historians disagree on if the office formally transferred to Stockdale,[50] and he is noted in the 2004-2005 Texas Almanac as only "having performed some duties of office."[51]
  7. ^ Throckmorton was removed from office by General Charles Griffin for being an "impediment to reconstruction," and Pease was installed in his place.[55]
  8. ^ Pease resigned due to disagreements with General Joseph J. Reynolds.[28]
  9. ^ Coke resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[62]
  10. ^ Ferguson was impeachment and convicted for mismanagement of funds.[95] Modern sources say he resigned before the trial was complete, but contemporary news shows he still maintained his office and refused to resign.[98]
  11. ^ Hobby became acting governor upon Ferguson's impeachment on August 24;[101] Ferguson was convicted and removed on September 22.[102]
  12. ^ O'Daniel resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[120]
  13. ^ Briscoe lost the Democratic nomination to John Luke Hill.
  14. ^ Bush resigned, having been elected President of the United States.
  15. ^ Abbott's third term began on January 17, 2023, and will expire January 19, 2027.

References

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General
  • "Former Texas Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. IV. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466008. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  • Dubin, Michael J. (2003). United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1776-1860: The Official Results by State and County. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1439-0.
  • Dubin, Michael J. (2014). United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1861-1911: The Official Results by State and County. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5646-8.
  • Kallenbach, Joseph Ernest (1977). American State Governors, 1776-1976. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-00665-0. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  • Glashan, Roy R. (1979). American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978. Meckler Books. ISBN 978-0-930466-17-6.
  • "Our Campaigns - Governor of Texas - History". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
  • "Our Campaigns - Governor of Texas (CSA) - History". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
Specific
  1. ^ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  2. ^ a b Suellentrop, Chip (January 5, 2000). "Is George W. Bush a "Weak" Governor?". Slate Magazine - Explainer. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  3. ^ a b Ivins, Molly; Lou Dubose (2000). Shrub: The Short But Happy Political Life of George W. Bush. New York: Vintage Books. pp. xii–xiii. ISBN 0-375-75714-7.
  4. ^ 9 Stat. 108
  5. ^ 1845 Const. Art V sec 4
  6. ^ 1861 Const. art V sec 12
  7. ^ 1866 Const. art V sec 4
  8. ^ 1869 Const. Art IV sec 4
  9. ^ Executive Branch Archived 2011-06-29 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 23-October-2008
  10. ^ TX Const. Art IV sec 4
  11. ^ Texas Politics - The Executive Branch Archived 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine. Texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
  12. ^ TX Const. art IV sec 16 graf d
  13. ^ Under the 1861 constitution, law provided that the lieutenant governor would be "styled Governor of those state of Republicans" in case of vacancy.
  14. ^ 1861 Const art V sec 12
  15. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 1515.
  16. ^ "James Pinckney Henderson". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  17. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 1st general assembly, 15, accessed July 9, 2023
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Kallenbach 1977, pp. 570–572.
  19. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1516.
  20. ^ "George T. Wood". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  21. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 2nd Legislature, 40, accessed July 9, 2023
  22. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1516–1517.
  23. ^ "Peter Hansborough Bell". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  24. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 3rd Legislature, 273, accessed July 9, 2023
  25. ^ "Later from Texas". The Times-Picayune. August 18, 1853. p. 2. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  26. ^ Kemp, L. W. "Henderson, James Wilson". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  27. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 5th Legislature, 78, accessed July 9, 2023
  28. ^ a b c Sobel 1978, p. 1517.
  29. ^ a b "Elisha Marshall Pease". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  30. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 5th Legislature, Part II, 1, accessed July 9, 2023
  31. ^ "1845 Texas Const. art. V, § 4". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
  32. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1518.
  33. ^ "Hardin Richard Runnels". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  34. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 7th Legislature, 244, accessed July 9, 2023
  35. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1518–1519.
  36. ^ "Samuel Houston". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  37. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 8th Legislature, 169, accessed July 9, 2023
  38. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1519–1520.
  39. ^ "Edward Clark". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  40. ^ "Houston removed March 16". Baton Rouge Tri-Weekly Gazette and Comet. March 30, 1861. p. 8. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  41. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1520–1521.
  42. ^ "Francis Richard Lubbock". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  43. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 9th Legislature, 14, accessed July 9, 2023
  44. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 1521.
  45. ^ "Pendleton Murrah". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  46. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 10th Legislature, 47, accessed July 9, 2023
  47. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1521–1522.
  48. ^ "Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  49. ^ "No title". The Brownsville Herald. August 8, 1941. p. 8. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  50. ^ Carroll, H. Bailey (1946). "Texas Collection". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 49 (3): 445–446. ISSN 0038-478X. JSTOR 30240640.
  51. ^ a b Texas Almanac, 2004-2005, p. 427, hosted by The Portal to Texas History, accessed July 9, 2023.
  52. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1522–1523.
  53. ^ "Andrew Jackson Hamilton". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  54. ^ Andrew Johnson, Proclamation 139—Reorganizing a Constitutional Government in Texas Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, accessed July 9, 2023
  55. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 1523.
  56. ^ "James Webb Throckmorton". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  57. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 11th Legislature, 25, accessed July 9, 2023
  58. ^ "Throckmorton replaced with Pease July 30". The Daily Standard. Raleigh, North Carolina: 2. August 1, 1867.
  59. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1524.
  60. ^ "Edmund Jackson Davis". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  61. ^ "Texas". The Times-Picayune. January 18, 1870. p. 2. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  62. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1524–1525.
  63. ^ "Richard Coke". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  64. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 14th Legislature, 7, accessed July 9, 2023
  65. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1525–1526.
  66. ^ "Richard Bennett Hubbard". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  67. ^ "Resignation of Gov. Coke and Installation of His Successor". The Galveston Daily News. December 2, 1876. p. 1. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  68. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1526–1527.
  69. ^ "Oran Milo Roberts". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  70. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 16th Legislature, 106, accessed July 9, 2023
  71. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1527.
  72. ^ "John Ireland". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  73. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 18th Legislature, 38, accessed July 9, 2023
  74. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 1528.
  75. ^ "Lawrence Sullivan Ross". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  76. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 20th Legislature, 64, accessed July 9, 2023
  77. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1528–1529.
  78. ^ "James Stephen Hogg". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  79. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 22nd Legislature, 6, accessed July 9, 2023
  80. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 1529–1530.
  81. ^ "Charles Allen Culberson". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  82. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 24th Legislature, 44, accessed July 9, 2023
  83. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 1530.
  84. ^ "Joseph Draper Sayers". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  85. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 26th Legislature, 82, accessed July 9, 2023
  86. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1530–1531.
  87. ^ "Samuel Willis Tucker Lanham". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  88. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 28th Legislature, 104, accessed July 9, 2023
  89. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1531–1532.
  90. ^ "Thomas Mitchell Campbell". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  91. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 30th Legislature, 109, accessed July 9, 2023
  92. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 1532.
  93. ^ "Oscar Branch Colquitt". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  94. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 32nd Legislature, 137, accessed July 9, 2023
  95. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1532–1533.
  96. ^ "James Edward Ferguson". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  97. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 34th Legislature, 125, accessed July 9, 2023
  98. ^ "Ferguson Had Opportunity to Resign but He Declined". The Houston Post. September 22, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  99. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 1534.
  100. ^ "William Pettus Hobby". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  101. ^ "Formal and Official Shift Governor's Office to W. P. Hobby". The Waco Times-Herald. Associated Press. August 25, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  102. ^ "Governor Is Impeached by Vote of 27–4". El Paso Times. Associated Press. September 23, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  103. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1534–1535.
  104. ^ "Pat Morris Neff". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  105. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 37th Legislature, 148, accessed July 9, 2023
  106. ^ a b c d Sobel 1978, p. 1535.
  107. ^ a b "Miriam Amanda Ferguson". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  108. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 39th Legislature, 98, accessed July 9, 2023
  109. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 1536.
  110. ^ "Daniel J. Moody". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  111. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 40th Legislature, 81, accessed July 9, 2023
  112. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 1536–1537.
  113. ^ "Ross S. Sterling". National Governors Association. December 21, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  114. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 42nd Legislature, 74, accessed July 9, 2023
  115. ^ Texas Legislature. Journal of the House of Representatives. 43rd Legislature, 98, accessed July 9, 2023
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