This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2023) |
This list shows equipment of Soviet Ground Forces in 1991.
Equipment of the Soviet Ground Forces | |
---|---|
Founded | 23 February 1946 |
Disbanded | 26 December 1991 |
Infantry equipment
editHelmets
editName | Type | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
SSh-40 | Helmet | Still used during the Soviet-Afghan war.[1] | |
SSh-60 | Helmet | Still used during the Soviet-Afghan war.[1] | |
SSh-68[2] | Helmet | Main service helmet. |
Body armor
editName | Type | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
6B2 (Zh-RI) | Flak jacket | Issued in 1980, it provided inadequate protection in Afghanistan and subsequently phased out.[3]: 41 | |
6B3 | Flak jacket | Replaced the Zh-RI in 1983, it provided better protection, but it was heavier and uncomfortable to wear in the mountains of Afghanistan or in hot days.[3]: 41−42 | |
YaB4 | Flak jacket | Replaced the Zh-RI in 1984, it provided better protection, but it was heavier and uncomfortable to wear in the mountains of Afghanistan or in hot days.[3]: 41−42 | |
6B4 (Zh-85) | Ballistic vest | Issued between 1985 and 1986, the Zh-85t and Zh-85k provided chest protection against bullets in the front and spinal protection against fragments in the back.[3]: 42 | |
6B5 "Ulej" (Zh-86) | Ballistic vest | Issued in 1988, it replaced the Zh-85t and Zh-85k vests. The Zh-86 covers a larger body area, and its construction uses titanium alloy, ceramics, and special steel.[3]: 42 |
Small arms
editPistols and revolvers
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Makarov PM | Semi-automatic pistol | 9×18mm Makarov | Main service pistol[4]: 57 | |
PB Besshumnyy | Integrallly suppressed semi-automatic pistol | Silenced pistol issued to special forces[5] | ||
Stechkin APS | Machine pistol | [4]: 774 | ||
PSM | Semi-automatic pistol | 5.45×18mm | Standard sidearm of civil and military security forces[4]: 56 | |
PSS silent pistol | Semi-automatic pistol | 7.62×41mm SP-4 | Used by Spetsnaz.[6]: 57 | |
Tokarev TT-33[4]: 774 | Semi-automatic pistol | 7.62×25mm Tokarev | Limited use.[6]: 47 | |
Nagant M1895 | Revolver | 7.62×38mmR | Limited use.[6]: 47 |
Semi-automatic and bolt-action rifles
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Simonov SKS | Semi-automatic rifle | 7.62×39mm | Ceremonial use[4]: 194 |
Assault rifles and other automatic rifles
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
AK-74 | Assault rifle | 5.45×39mm | Main service rifle[4]: 201 | |
AKS-74 | Assault rifle | AK-74 variant with a folding stock[4]: 200 | ||
AKS-74U | Assault Carbine | AKS-74 variant with a shortened barrel[4]: 108 | ||
AKM | Assault rifle | 7.62×39mm | In service since 1959[4]: 198 | |
AKMS[4]: 198 | Assault rifle | AKM variant with a folding stock[4]: 196 |
Designated marksman and sniper rifles
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
SVD | Designated marksman rifle | 7.62×54mmR | Main service designated marksman rifle[4]: 199 | |
VSS Vintorez | Designated marksman rifle | 9×39mm | Suppressed sniper rifle used by special forces like Spetsnaz[7] |
Light and heavy machine guns
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
RPK-74 | Light machine gun | 5.45×39mm | Main service light machine gun[4]: 774 | |
RPK | Light machine gun | 7.62×39mm | [4]: 318 | |
PKM | General-purpose machine gun | 7.62×54mmR | Main service general-purpose machine gun[4]: 319 | |
NSV "Utyos" | Heavy machine gun | 12.7×108mm | Main service heavy machine gun[4]: 323 | |
DShKM | Heavy machine gun | Being replaced by the NSV machine gun.[4]: 323 | ||
KPV-14.5 | Heavy machine gun | 14.5×114mm | Base for anti-aircraft guns[4]: 323–324 |
Flares and Smokes
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
SPSh-44 | Flare gun | 26 mm | ||
RSP-30 | Warning Flare | |||
RDG-2 | Smoke grenade | [4]: 571 |
Launchers
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
GP-25 Kostyor | Grenade launcher | 40 mm caseless grenade | [1][8]: 52 | |
AGS-17 Plamya | Automatic grenade launcher | 30x29 mm | [4]: 247–248 |
Rocket-propelled grenade launchers
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
RPG-29 Vampir | Reusable high-explosive anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade | 105mm | [9] | |
RPG-27 Tavolga | Disposable high-explosive anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade | 105mm | [10] | |
RPG-26 Aglen | Disposable high-explosive anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade | 72.5mm | [11]: 34 | |
RPG-22 Netto | Disposable high-explosive anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade | 72.5mm | Seen in use during the Soviet-Afghan war.[4]: 404 | |
RPG-18 Mukha | Disposable high-explosive anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade | 64mm | [4]: 403–404 | |
RPG-16 | Rocket-propelled grenade | 58.3mm | Used by paratroopers and Spetsnaz.[11]: 33–35 | |
RPG-7 | Rocket-propelled grenade | 40mm | Reusable launcher with various types of anti-personnel and anti-tank munitions.[4]: 401–402 |
Recoilless Rifles
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
SPG-9 Kopyo | Recoilless rifle | 73 mm | [4]: 405 | |
B-10 | Recoilless rifle | 82 mm | Limited use by paratroopers.[4]: 405 |
Man-portable air-defense systems
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
9K32 Strela-2 | Infrared homing | 72 mm | NATO reporting name: SA-7 Grail. Being replaced by the Strela-3 and Igla systems[12] | |
9K34 Strela-3 | Infrared homing | NATO reporting name: SA-14 Gremlin[12] | ||
9K310 Igla-1 | Infrared homing | NATO Reporting name: SA-16[12] | ||
9K38 Igla | Infrared homing | NATO reporting name: SA-18. Replacing the Strela-2 and Strela-3 systems.[13] |
Anti-tank guided missiles
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
9M17 Fleyta | MCLOS | 148 mm | NATO reporting name: AT-2 Swatter[4]: 407 | |
9M14 Malyutka | MCLOS | 125 mm | NATO reporting name: AT-3 Sagger[4]: 407–408 | |
9K111 Fagot | SACLOS | 120 mm | NATO reporting name: AT-4 Spigot[4]: 408 | |
9M113 Konkurs | SACLOS | 135 mm | NATO reporting name: AT-5 Spandrel[12] | |
9K114 Shturm | SACLOS | NATO reporting name: AT-6 Spiral[12] | ||
9K115 Metis | SACLOS | 94 mm | NATO reporting name: AT-7 Saxhorn [12] | |
9K112 Kobra | SACLOS | 125 mm | NATO reporting name: AT-8 Songster.[14]: II-22–II-23 | |
9M117 Bastion | Laser beam-riding | 100 mm | NATO reporting name: AT-10 Stabber.[14]: II-24–II-25 | |
9M119 Svir/Refleks | Laser beam-riding | 120 mm | NATO reporting name: AT-11 Sniper.[14]: II-26 |
Land mines
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
MON-50 | Anti-personnel | 700 g RDX | Widely used in the Soviet-Afghan war.[3]: 252 | |
MON-90 | Anti-personnel | 6.2 kg RDX | ||
MON-100[15] | Anti-personnel | 2 kg TNT | [16]: 83 | |
MON-200[15] | Anti-personnel | 12 kg TNT | [16]: 83 | |
OZM-72[15] | Anti-personnel | 660 g TNT | Widely used in the Soviet-Afghan war.[3]: 252 | |
PFM-1 | Anti-personnel | 37 g | [15] | |
PMD-6 mine | Anti-personnel | 200 g | PMD-7, and PMD-7ts variants also used.[15] | |
POMZ-2M[15] | Anti-personnel | 75 g TNT | [16]: 69–70 | |
PMN mine[15] | Anti-personnel | 240 g TNT | Widely used in the Soviet-Afghan war.[3]: 252 |
Anti-tank mines
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
TMD-44 | Anti-tank mine | 9.7 kg Amatol | [16]: 37–38 | |
TM-46[15] | Anti-tank mine | 5.7 kg TNT | [16]: 15–16 | |
TM-57[15] | Anti-tank mine | 6.34 kg TNT | [16]: 15–16 | |
TM-62 | Anti-tank mine | 7.5 kg TNT | [15] | |
TM-72 | Anti-tank mine | 2.5 kg HEAT | ||
PDM-1 | Amphibious anti-tank | 10 kg TNT | [16]: 91–92 | |
TM-83 | Off-route mine | 6.6 kg TNT |
Flamethrower
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
LPO-50 | Flamethrower | 986 mm | [4]: 249–250 | |
RPO Rys | Flamethrower | 122 mm | [1] | |
RPO-A Shmel | Flamethrower | 93 mm | [1] |
Mortars
editName | Type | Caliber | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
82-BM-37 | Light | 82mm | M-37M[4]: 474 | |
2B14 Podnos | Light | Used by paratroopers.[8]: 50 | ||
120-PM-38 | Heavy | 120 mm | [13] | |
120-PM-43 | Heavy | [4]: 476 | ||
2B11 | Heavy | [14]: V-33 | ||
2S12 Sani | Heavy | 1,387 units in 1991[13] | ||
M-160 | Heavy | 160mm | [4]: 477 | |
M-240 | Heavy | 240 mm | [13] |
Hand grenades
editName | Type | Photo | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | Anti-personnel | 55 mm | [4]: 567 | |
RGD-5 | Anti-personnel | 58 mm | [4]: 567 | |
RGN | Anti-personnel | 60 mm | Offensive type hand grenade.[4]: 568 | |
RGO | Anti-personnel | Defensive type hand grenade.[4]: 568 | ||
RKG-3 | Anti-tank grenade | 362 mm | [4]: 570 | |
RPG-6 | Anti-tank grenade | 103 mm | Still used for training purposes.[4]: 569 | |
RPG-43 | Anti-tank grenade | 95 mm | Still used for training purposes.[4]: 569 | |
VOG-25 | Launcher grenade | 40 mm | Used on the GP-25.[17] |
Vehicles
editTanks
editThe International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated that the Soviet Union had around 16,000 tanks of unknown types in storage east of the Urals in 1991.[13]
Name | Type | Quantity | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
T-80 | Main battle tank | 5,400[13] | T-80U/T-80BV | |
T-72 | Main battle tank | 9,000[13] | T-72B | |
T-64 | Main battle tank | 4,900[13] | T-64BV | |
T-62 | Main battle tank | 8,500[13] | T-62MV-1 | |
T-55 | Main battle tank | 10,600[13] | T-55AMV-1 | |
T-10 | Heavy tank | ~350[12] | T-10M | |
PT-76 | Light tank | 1,000[13] | PT-76B |
Infantry fighting vehicles
editThe Soviet Union had about 28,000 Infantry fighting vehicles in 1991[13]
Name | Type | Quantity | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMP-1[13] | Infantry fighting vehicle | N/A | Between 1972 and 1988 Czechoslovakia delivered 5,100 BVP-1s to the Soviet Union[18] | |
BMP-2 | Infantry fighting vehicle | N/A | [13] | |
BMP-3 | Infantry fighting vehicle | ~700[13] | ||
BMD-1 | Infantry fighting vehicle | ~3,000[13] | Used by airborne troops. | |
BMD-2 | Infantry fighting vehicle | Used by airborne troops. | ||
BMD-3 | Infantry fighting vehicle | Only used by airborne troops. |
Self-propelled guns
editName | Type | Quantity | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASU-57[12] | Assault gun | Only used by airborne troops. | ||
ASU-85[12] | Assault gun | Only used by airborne troops. | ||
2S1 Gvozdika | Self-propelled artillery | 2,331[13] | ||
2S3 Akatsiya | Self-propelled artillery | 2,044[13] | ||
2S4 Tyulpan | Self-propelled mortar | 54[13] | ||
2S5 Giatsint-S | Self-propelled artillery | 494[13] | ||
2S7 Pion | Self-propelled artillery | 304[13] | ||
2S9 Nona | Self-propelled artillery | 442[13] | Only used by airborne troops. | |
2S19 Msta | Self-propelled howitzer | 13[13] | ||
152 mm SpGH DANA[13] | Self-propelled artillery | 150 delivered by Czechoslovakia between 1986 and 1990.[18] |
Towed mortars and anti-tank guns
editName | Type | Quantity | Photo | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2B9 Vasilek | Gun howitzer | 82 mm | Used by motor rifle and airborne units.[4]: 475 | ||
D-44 | Anti-tank gun | 85 mm | [4]: 404 | ||
BS-3 | Anti-tank gun | 100 mm | [13] | ||
T-12 | Anti-tank gun | [12] | |||
2B16 Nona-K | Gun howitzer | 37[13] | 120 mm | ||
2A45 Sprut-A | Anti-tank gun | 125 mm | [19] |
Towed Artillery
editName | Type | Quantity | Photo | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2A18 D-30 | Field Gun | 2,044[13] | 122 mm | ||
D-74 | Field Gun | [12] | |||
KS-30 | Field Gun | 12[13] | 130 mm | ||
D-20 | Field Gun | 767[13] | 152 mm | ||
2A36 Giatsint-B | Field Gun | 574[13] | |||
2A65 Msta-B | Field Gun | 400[13] | |||
S-23 | Field Gun | ~180[12] | 180 mm |
Anti-aircraft tanks and missile systems
editName | Type | Quantity | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZSU-57-2 | Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun | 750[20]: 84–85 | In reserve.[20]: 84–85 | |
ZSU-23-4 Shilka | Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun | N/A | [12] | |
2K11 Krug | Transportable SAM system | 1,350[13] | NATO reporting name: SA-4 Ganef. Being replaced by the Buk and S-300 systems[12] | |
2K12 Kub | Transportable SAM system | 850[13] | NATO reporting name: SA-6 Gainful[12] | |
2K22 Tunguska | Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun | 130[13] | NATO reporting name: SA-19 Grison[13] | |
9K31 Strela-1 | Transportable SAM system | 430[13] | NATO reporting name: SA-9 Gaskin. Being replaced by the Strela-10 system[12] | |
9K33 Osa | Transportable SAM system | 950[13] | NATO reporting name: SA-8 Gecko[12] | |
9K35 Strela-10 | Transportable SAM system | 860[13] | NATO reporting name: SA-13 Gopher[12] | |
9K37 Buk | Transportable SAM system | 300[13] | NATO reporting name: SA-11 Gadfly[12] | |
9K330 Tor | Transportable SAM system | 20[13] | NATO reporting name: SA-15 Gauntlet. Replacing the Kub and Osa systems[13] | |
S-300 | Transportable SAM system | 70+[13] | NATO Reporting name: SA-12A Gladiator[12] |
Anti-aircraft guns
editName | Type | Quantity | Photo | Caliber | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AZP S-60 | Autocannon | 57 mm | [12] | ||
ZU-23-2 | Autocannon | 23x152 mmB | [12] | ||
ZPU-2 | Anti-aircraft gun | 14.5x114 mm | In reserve.[20]: 210–212 | ||
KS-30[12] | Anti-aircraft gun | 130x845 mmR | In reserve.[20]: 202 | ||
KS-19 | Anti-aircraft gun | 100x695 mm | [12] |
Rocket artillery
editName | Type | Quantity | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
BM-14 | Multiple rocket launcher | [12] | ||
BM-21 Grad | Multiple rocket launcher | 1,550[13] | ||
BM-24 | Multiple rocket launcher | [12] | ||
BM-27 Uragan | Multiple rocket launcher | 554[13] | ||
9K58 BM-30 Smerch | Multiple rocket launcher | 158[13] | ||
TOS-1 | Multiple rocket launcher | First used in 1987 during the Soviet-Afghan war.[21] |
Tactical ballistic missiles
editName | Type | Quantity | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
9K52 Luna-M | Tactical ballistic missile | 500[13] | ||
9K79 OTR-21 Tochka | Tactical ballistic missile | 300[13] | ||
RT-17 Scud | Tactical ballistic missile | 550[13] | Scud-B and Scud-C variants |
Armored personnel carriers
editBy 1991 the Soviet army had over 50,000 armored personnel carriers in service.[13]
Name | Type | Quantity | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
BTR-80 | Armoured personnel carrier | N/A | [12] | |
BTR-70 | Armoured personnel carrier | N/A | [12] | |
BTR-60 | Armoured personnel carrier | N/A | BTR-60P[12] | |
BTR-50 | Armoured personnel carrier | N/A | BTR-50P[12] | |
BTR-152[13] | Armoured personnel carrier | N/A | Some vehicles were kept by 1980s as ambulances, command, radio, and engineering vehicles.[14]: III-5 | |
BTR-D | Armoured personnel carrier | N/A | Used by airborne units.[14]: IV-10−IV-11 | |
MT-LB | Tracked Armoured personnel carrier | 4,500[13] | ||
PTS-2 | Amphibious armoured personnel carrier | |||
PTS-M | Amphibious armoured personnel carrier |
Reconnaissance vehicles
editSoviet army had about 8,000 reconnaissance vehicles in service in 1991.[13]
Name | Type | Quantity | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
BRDM-2 | Amphibious armoured scout car | 3,500[13] | ||
BRM-1K | Reconnaissance tank | [14]: III-40 | ||
IRM Zhuk | Engineer reconnaissance tank | [14]: III-42 |
Engineering vehicles
editName | Type | Quantity | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
BAT-2 | Military engineering vehicle | N/A | [3]: 248 | |
BTM-3 | Trencher | N/A | [3]: 250 | |
IMR-2 | Military engineering vehicle | N/A | [3]: 248 | |
MDK-3 | Trencher | N/A | [3]: 250 | |
MTU-20 | Bridgelayer | N/A | [3]: 248 | |
TMK-2 | Trencher | N/A | [3]: 250 | |
TMM | Bridgelayer | N/A | [3]: 248 | |
PMP Floating Bridge | Pontoon bridge | N/A | [3]: 247 |
Unarmored trucks and utility vehicles
editName | Type | Quantity | Photo | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
UAZ-469 | Light utility vehicle | N/A | [22] | |
Lada Niva Legende | Light utility vehicle | N/A | ||
GAZ-69 | Light utility vehicle | N/A | ||
UAZ-452 | Light truck | N/A | Used mostly as ambulances or special operation vehicles.[23]: 115 | |
GAZ-53 | Medium truck | N/A | Used by engineering units in Afghanistan.[3]: 248 | |
GAZ-66 | Medium truck | N/A | The GAZ-66B variant was used by Airborne troops.[23]: 35–36 | |
ZIL-131 | Medium truck | N/A | Some had ZU-23 anti-aircraft guns mounted in Afghanistan.[22] |
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Galeotti, Mark (6 December 2012). Afghanistan: The Soviet Union's Last War. Routledge. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-1-136-29943-8.
- ^ Greentree, David (16 February 2023). Soviet Naval Infantry 1917–91. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-5163-5. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Russian General Staff (2002). Grau, Lester W.; Gress, Michael A. (eds.). The Soviet-Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1185-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao V. Hogg, Ian, ed. (1988). Jane's infantry weapons 1988-89 (14th ed.). London: Jane's Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0710608574.
- ^ Popenker, Maxim (13 December 2008). "GUNS OF THE SPETSNAZ: 9MM PB SILENCED PISTOL - Small Arms Review". Small Arms Review. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
- ^ a b c Thompson, Leroy (27 October 2022). Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-5349-3. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ "The VSS Vintorez: Whisper Of Spetsnaz". SOFREP. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
- ^ a b Campbell, David (20 February 2020). Soviet Airborne Forces 1930–91. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-3959-6. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (20 October 2013). The Big Book of Gun Trivia: Everything you want to know, don't want to know, and don't know you need to know. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-950-4. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ "Ukrainian positions in Donbas shelled by deadly Russian RPG-27 Tavolga". www.unian.info. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ a b Rottman, Gordon L. (15 March 2011). The Rocket Propelled Grenade. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-154-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Institute for Strategic Studies (1989). The military balance, 1989-1990. London: Brassey's. p. 34. ISBN 978-0080375694.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba International Institute for Strategic Studies (1991). The military balance. 1991-1992. London: Brassey's. p. 37. ISBN 978-0080413259.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices: 1945-1995. Marine Corps Intelligence Activity. 1995. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Soviet Engineers: Organization, Doctrine, and Equipment. Field Engineering Branch, Department of Military Engineering, U.S. Army Engineer School. 1986. pp. 11–15. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g United States Army, Europe, Headquarters (30 July 1975). USAREUR Pam 30-60-1 1975 Identification guide, part three, weapons and equipment, East European Communist armies, volume ii, mine warfare and demolition equipment. New York. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (1 April 2011). The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-84908-462-8. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ a b "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ Trevithick, Joseph (9 June 2020). "Watch Russian Troops Snuff Out An Oil Well Blaze With An Anti-Tank Gun". The Drive. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d Cullen, Tony; Foss, Christopher F., eds. (1 March 1992). Jane's Land-based Air Defence 1992-93. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710609793.
- ^ Newdick, Thomas (28 February 2022). "The Truth About Russia's Terrifying TOS-1A Thermobaric Rocket Launchers Now In Ukraine". The Drive. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ^ a b Galeotti, Mark (28 May 2020). Combat Vehicles of Russia's Special Forces: Spetsnaz, airborne, Arctic and interior troops. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-4184-1. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ a b United States Army, Europe and Seventh Army, Headquarters (15 February 1974). Identification guide, part two, weapons and equipment, East European Communist armies, volume ii, Soviet trucks and trailers. New York. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)