Wikipedia

List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees

As of 2023, Romania has produced four Nobel laureates in the fields of Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Nobel Peace Prize.[1]

Laureates

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Year Image Laureate Born Died Field Citation
Citizens
1974   George Emil Palade 19 November 1912 in Iași, Romania 8 October 2008 in Del Mar, California, United States Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell."[2]
(shared with American-Belgian cell biologist Albert Claude and Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve)
1986   Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel 30 September 1928 in Sighetu Marmației, Maramureș, Romania 2 July 2016 in Manhattan, New York, United States Peace "for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity."[3]
2010   Herta Müller 17 August 1953 in Nițchidorf, Timiș, Romania — Literature "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed."[4]
2014   Stefan Walter Hell 23 December 1962 in Arad, Romania — Chemistry "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy."[5]
(shared with American physicist Eric Betzig and physical chemist William E. Moerner)
Expatriates
1907   Eduard Buchner 20 May 1860 in Munich, Bavaria, Germany 13 August 1917 in Focșani, Vrancea, Romania Chemistry "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation."[6]

Nominations

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Nominees

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Image Nominee Born Died Years Nominated Citation Nominator(s)
Physics
  Hermann Julius Oberth 25 June 1894 in Sibiu, Romania 28 December 1989 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany 1967[a] "for contributions to astronautics and rocketry, and discovering the effect for fuel-saving maneuvers in interplanetary space flights (Oberth effect)."[8] Ferdinand Cap [de]
(1924–2016)
  Austria
Chemistry
  Costin Nenițescu 15 July 1902 in Bucharest, Romania 28 July 1970 in Bușteni, Prahova, Romania 1969[b] "for discovering two new syntheses for the indole nucleus, and a new method of polymerisation of ethylene.[10] Paul Doughty Bartlett
(1907–1997)
  United States
Physiology or Medicine
  Victor Babeș 28 July 1854 in Vienna, Austria 19 October 1926 in Bucharest, Romania 1914[c] "for work on pathological anatomy, and the discovery of the first piroplasmosis."[11] Mihail Manicatide [ro]
(1867–1954)
  Romania
1924 "for work on the pathological anatomy, symptomatology, prophylaxis and treatment of pellagra."[12] Gheorghe Marinescu et al.[d]
(1863–1938)
  Romania
  Constantin Levaditi 1 August 1874 in Galați, Romania 5 September 1953 in Paris, France 1922 "for work on the virus of poliomyelitis, influenza and sleeping sickness."[13] Richard Bruynoghe [nl]
(1881–1957)
  Belgium
1924 "for work on experimental syphilis." João de Aguiar Pupo [pt]
(1890–1980)
  Brazil
1927 "for discovery of new chemical treatments for syphilis, and of a new method for the prevention of the disease."[13] Germund Wirgin [sv]
(1868–1939)
  Sweden
1930 "for work on metallotherapy in the treatment of spirochet diseases, and work on the use of bismuth and stovarsol in the treatment of syphilis."[13] Jean Lépine [fr] et al.[e]
(1876–1967)
  France
1931 "for work on the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of metals, especially bismuth, in the treatment of syphilis, and the conditions at which their pharmacodynamic effects arise."[13] Israel Holmgren et al.[f]
(1871–1961)
  Sweden
1932 "for work on chemotherapy, and work on bismuth therapy against syphilis and syphilis prevention."[13]   Karl Landsteiner et al.[g]
(1868–1943)
  Austria
  United States
1933 "Work on the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of bismuth on syphilis."[13] Carl Kling [sv] et al.[h]
(1879–1967)
  Sweden
1934 "for work on syphilis, especially on metallotherapy and metalloprophylaxis, and on treponema's states of latency."[13] Louis Spillman
(1875–1940)
  France
1935 "for work in the area of microbiology, Wassermann's reaction, the treatment of syphilis and the pathogenesis in tertiary syphilis."[13] Henri Gougerot
(1881–1955)
  France
1938 "for work on the use of bismuth in the therapy of syphilis."[13] Ștefan S. Nicolau
(1896–1967)
  Romania
1939 "for work on bacteriology, ultra virus, sulphanilamides and chemotherapy, particularly on the introduction of the use of bismuth in the treatment of syphilis."[13] René Le Blaye et al.[i]
(1881–1941)
  France
  Thoma Ionescu [ro] 13 September 1860 in Ploiești, Prahova, Romania 28 March 1926 in Bucharest, Romania 1924 "for work on the anatomy, physiology and surgery of the neck and chest sympathicus."[14] Nicolae Paulescu et al.[j]
(1869–1931)
  Romania
  Ioan Cantacuzino 25 November 1863 in Bucharest, Romania 14 January 1934 in Bucharest, Romania 1933 "for work on immunity reaction on invertebrates and contact immunity."[15] E. Techoueyres el al.[k]
  France
Literature
  Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol 23 March 1847 in Iași, Romania 27 February 1920 in Bucharest, Romania 1901, 1909 The History of the Romanians in Trajan's Dacia (1888–93)
The Fundamental Principles of History (1899)[16] 		Ion Găvănescu [ro]
(1859–1949)
  Romania
  Dezső Szabó 10 June 1879 in Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania 13 January 1945 in Budapest, Hungary 1935[l] The Eroded Village (1919)
Wonderful Life (1920)
Resurrection in Makucska (1925)[17] 		Björn Collinder
(1894–1983)
  Sweden
  Martha Bibescu 28 January 1886 in Bucharest, Romania 28 November 1973 in Paris, France 1956 The Green Parrot (1923)
Isvor, Land of Willows (1924)
Catherine-Paris (1927)
At the Ball with Marcel Proust (1928)[18] 		Auguste-Armand de la Force et al.[m]
(1878–1961)
  France
  Mircea Eliade 13 March 1907 in Bucharest, Romania 22 April 1986 in Chicago, Illinois, United States 1957 Bengal Nights (1933)
Miss Christina (1936)
Marriage in Heaven (1938)
The Forbidden Forest (1955)
The Forge and the Crucible (1956)[19] 		Ernest Koliqi
(1903–1975)
  Albania
1968 Stig Wikander
(1908–1983)
  Sweden
  Paul Celan 23 November 1920 in Cernăuți, Romania (now Chernivtsi, Ukraine) 20 April 1970 in Paris, France 1964 The Sand from the Urns (1948)
Poppy and Destiny (1952)
From Threshold to Threshold (1955)
The No-One's-Rose (1963)
Breathturn (1967)
Threadsuns (1968)[20] 		Hermann Bausinger et al.[n]
(1926–2021)
  Germany
1966 Henry Olsson
(1896–1985)
  Sweden
1968 unnamed nominator
1969 Heinz Politzer et al.[o]
(1910–1978)
  Austria
  Eugène Ionesco 26 November 1909 in Slatina, Olt, Romania 28 March 1994 in Paris, France 1964 The Bald Soprano (1948)
Jack, or The Submission (1950)
The Lesson (1951)
The Chairs (1951)
Victims of Duty (1952)
The New Tenant (1953)
The Picture (1955)
The Killer (1959)
Rhinoceros (1959)
Exit the King (1962)
The Hermit (1973)[21] 		Erik Lindegren
(1910–1968)
  Sweden
1967, 1971 Karl Ragnar Gierow
(1904–1982)
  Sweden
1968 Walter Mönch [de] et al.[p]
(1905–1994)
  Germany
1969 Eyvind Johnson
(1900–1976)
  Sweden
1970 Louis Alexander MacKay
(1901–1982)
  Canada
  United States
1972 Johannes Söderlind
(1918–2001)
  Sweden
  Tudor Arghezi 21 May 1880 in Bucharest, Romania 14 July 1967 in Bucharest, Romania 1965 Fitting Words (1927)
Flowers of Mildew (1932)
The Black Gate (1932)
Tablets from the Land of Kuty (1934)[22] 		Angelo Monteverdi [it]
(1886–1967)
  Italy
  Zaharia Stancu 7 October 1902 in Salcia, Teleorman, Romania 5 December 1974 in Bucharest, Romania 1969 Simple Poems (1927)
Camp Days (1945)
Barefoot (1948)
A Gamble with Death (1962)
The Mad Forest (1963)
The Gypsy Tribe (1968)[23][24] 		Șerban Cioculescu et al.[q]
(1902–1988)
  Romania
1971 Karl Ragnar Gierow
(1904–1982)
  Sweden
1972   Miguel Ángel Asturias et al.[r]
(1899–1974)
  Guatemala
1973 Alf Lombard et al.[s]
(1902–1996)
  Sweden
  Eugen Barbu 20 February 1924 in Bucharest, Romania 7 September 1993 in Bucharest, Romania 1970 Golden Triplet (1956)
The Pit (1957)
The Making of the World (1964)
The Prince (1969)[25] 		Alexandru Rosetti
(1895–1990)
  Romania
  Elie Wiesel 30 September 1928 in Sighetu Marmației, Maramureș, Romania 2 July 2016 in Manhattan, New York, United States 1971 Night (1960)
Dawn (1961)
Day (1962)
The Gates of the Forest (1964)
The Oath (1973)[26][24] 		Gerd Høst [no]
(1915–2007)
  Norway
1972 André Neher
(1914–1988)
  France
1973 Robert Alter et al.[t]
(born 1935)
  United States
  Eugen Jebeleanu 24 April 1911 in Câmpina, Prahova, Romania 21 August 1991 in Bucharest, Romania 1973 The Smile of Hiroshima (1958)
Lidice, Songs against Death (1963)
Elegy for the Cut Flower (1966)[24] 		Miron Nicolescu et al.[u]
(1903–1975)
  Romania
Peace[27]
  Vespasian Pella 17 January 1897 in Bucharest, Romania 24 August 1952 in New York City, New York, United States 1926 "for promoting the idea of international criminal proceedings against war crimes through a special international tribunal."[28] Constantin Dissescu
(1854–1932)
  Romania
  Peter Tomaschek 11 July 1882 in Siret, Suceava, Romania 1 December 1940 in Siret, Suceava, Romania 1931 "for his visionary ideas on the issues of world peace."[v][30] Pantelimon Chirilă
(1899–1952)
  Romania
1933 Ștefan Percec
(1873–1938)
  Romania
1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 Erast Nastasi
(1898-1933)
  Romania
  Andreo Cseh 12 September 1895 in Luduș, Mureș County, Romania 9 March 1979 in The Hague Netherlands 1934[w] "for his apostolic action for international understanding and peace, uniting people by means of a common language (Esperanto) and working on reconciliation of mankind."[31]   Henri La Fontaine
(1854–1943)
  France
  Eugen Relgis 22 March 1895 in Iași, Romania 24 May 1987 in Montevideo, Uruguay 1956 "for his steadfast dedication toward humanitarianism and pacifism.[32] members of Japanese Parliament
  Elie Wiesel 30 September 1928 in Sighetu Marmației, Maramureș, Romania 2 July 2016 in Manhattan, New York, United States 1970 "for being a messenger of peace and brotherhood, fighting in for the cause of human rights and building bridges between generations through his literary works."[26] Jean Halpérin [fr] et al.[x]
(1921–2012)
  France
1971 "for, in terms of his own personal experience of horrors and his subsequent efforts for peace, having become a symbol of hope and an inspiration to peoples throughout the world."[26] Fred Roy Harris et al.[y]
(born 1930)
  United States
1972 George McGovern et al.[z]
(1922–2012)
  United States
1973 Hubert Humphrey et al.[aa]
(1911–1978)
  United States
  4 Romanian (part of the 1000 PeaceWomen)[ab] began in 2003 in Bern, Switzerland 2005 "in recognition of women's efforts and visibility in promoting peace all over the world."[33]

Notes

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  1. ^ Oberth was nominated as a choice for the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Murray Gell-Mann, Kazuhiko Nishijima, Marvin Leonard Goldberger, Nikolay Bogolyubov, Geoffrey Chew, Isaak Pomeranchuk, Louis Leprince-Ringuet, Cormac Ó Ceallaigh, George Rochester, Clifford Charles Butler, Chien-Shiung Wu, James Van Allen, Tullio Regge, Gerhart Lüders, Rafael Armenteros, and Gordon Thompson Danby.[7]
  2. ^ Nenițescu was nominated jointly for the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Rowland Pettit and Rudolf Criegee by Paul Doughty Bartlett, professor of chemistry at Harvard University.[9]
  3. ^ Nomination was declared invalid by the Nobel Committee.
  4. ^ Other nominators of V. Babeș in 1924 included Constantin Daniel (1876–1973), G. Stoicescu (?), Ion Nanu-Muscel [ro] (1862–1938), Mina Minovici (1858–1933), Nicolae Mețianu (1881–1965), Anibal Theohari [ro] (1873–1933), Dimitrie Gerota (1867–1939), Alexandru Obregia [ro] (1860–1937), Ștefan S. Nicolau (1896–1967), Ernest Juvara (1870–1930), Mihail Manicatide [ro] (1867–1954), and D. Manolescu (?), all from   Romania.
  5. ^ Other nominators of Levaditi in 1930 included Erich Hoffmann (1868–1959) of   Germany, Germund Wirgin [sv] (1868–1939) of   Sweden, Émile Roux (1853–1933) of   France and Carl Kling [sv] (1879–1967) of   Sweden.
  6. ^ Other nominators of Levaditi in 1931 included Jules Guiart [fr] (1870–1965) of   France, George Raiziss (?) of the   United States, Germund Wirgin [sv] (1868–1939) of   Sweden, and Carl Kling [sv] (1879–1967) of   Sweden, W. Scholtz (?) of   Germany, Nicolae Minovici (1868–1941), Iuliu Hațieganu (1885–1959), Dimitrie Negru [ro] (1883–1955), Victor Papilian [ro] (1920–1982), C. Grigoriu (?), P. Thomas (?), J. Moldovan (?), J. Jacobovici (?), C. Urechia (?), J. Minea (?), T. Gane (?), T. Vasiliu (?), J. Nițescu (?) and D. Mihail (?), all from   Romania.
  7. ^ Other nominators of Levaditi in 1932 included Ernest Fourneau (1872–1949) of   France, Johan Almkvist [sv] (1869–1945) of   Sweden, Israel Holmgren (1871–1961) of   Sweden, Carl Kling [sv] (1879–1967) of   Sweden and Germund Wirgin [sv] (1868–1939) of   Sweden.
  8. ^ Other nominators of Levaditi in 1933 included Germund Wirgin [sv] (1868–1939) of   Sweden.
  9. ^ Other nominators of Levaditi in 1939 included H. Vincent (?) and M. Roblin (?), both from   France.
  10. ^ Other nominators of T. Ionescu in 1924 included D. Ionesco (?), I. Balacesco (?), A. Jiano (?), Ernest Juvara (1870–1930), Nicolae Gheorghiu (1867–1958), and D. Manolescu (?), all from   Romania.
  11. ^ Other nominators of Cantacuzino in 1933 included J. Magrou (?), J. Bouillot (?), and J. Malassez (?), all from   France.
  12. ^ Nobel Prize in Literature has not been awarded this year.
  13. ^ Other nominators of Bibescu in 1956 included Henri Davignon [fr] (1879–1964) of   Belgium, Fernand Desonay [ro] (1899–1973) of   Belgium and Marie-Jeanne Durry [fr] (1901–1980) of   France.
  14. ^ Other nominators of Celan in 1964 included Wilhelm Emrich [de] (1909–1998) of   Germany.
  15. ^ Other nominators of Celan in 1969 included Ernst Wilhelm Meyer [de] (1892–1969), Dietrich Jöns [de] (1924–2011) and Gerhart Baumann [de] (1920–2006), all from   Germany.
  16. ^ Other nominators of Ionesco in 1968 included Paul Vernois (1920–1997) of   Belgium.
  17. ^ Other nominators of Stancu in 1969 included Alexandru Philippide (1900–1979), Andrei Oțetea (1894–1977), George Ivașcu (1911–1988), Marin Preda (1922–1980), Virgil Teodorescu [ro] (1909–1987), Aurel Baranga (1913–1979), Ovid Crohmălniceanu (1921–2000), Dumitru Panaitescu-Perpessicius (1891–1971), Demostene Botez (1893–1973), and George Macovescu (1913–2002), all from   Romania.
  18. ^ Other nominators of Stancu in 1972 included Victor Eftimiu (1889–1972) of   Romania.
  19. ^ Other nominators included   Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899–1974) of   Guatemala, Andri Peer [ro] (1921–1985) of    Switzerland, and Virgil Teodorescu [ro] (1909–1987) of   Romania.
  20. ^ Other nominators included Marver Bernstein (1919–1990), Albert H. Bowker (1919–2008), Jules Brody (1928–2021), Harry J. Cargas (1932–1998), Gerson D. Cohen (1924–1991), David Daiches (1912–2005), Louis Finkelstein (1895–1991), Maurice Stanley Friedman (1921–2012), Victor Gourevitch (1925–2020), Irving Greenberg (born 1933), Irving Halperin (1922–2000), Philip Handler (1917–1981), James McNaughton Hester (1924–2014), Gerd Høst-Heyerdahl (1915–2007), Lothar Kahn (1922–1990), Louis L. Kaplan (1902–2001), Jack Kolbert (born 1927),   Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008),   André Michel Lwoff (1902–1994), Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973), Robert Marshak (1916–1992)
  21. ^ Other nominators included Grigore Moisil (1906–1973), Alexandru A. Philippide (1900–1979), and Corneliu Baba (1906–1997), all from   Romania.
  22. ^ Tomaschek's important studies on world peace were Paneuropa sau Popoarele Unite ale Lumii? Propuneri privind realizarea păcii mondiale ("Paneuropa or the United Nations of the World? Proposals Regarding the Achievement of World Peace", 1931) and arşul milioanelor pentru cucerirea păcii ("Millions March for the Conquest of Peace", 1931).[29]
  23. ^ No Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded this year.
  24. ^ Other nominators of Wiesel in 1970 included Walter Kaufmann (1921–1980) of   Germany–  United States "for Wisel's literary works and their ability to communicate to a younger generation how to speak without hatred, even after witnessing man's inhumanity towards other men"; Maurice S. Friedman (1921–2012) of the   United States "on the grounds of Wiesel's powerful and uniquely influential portrait in his literary work The Jews of Silence and his candor, fairness, and clear trust in mankind despite all that has happened in our time"; and Jean Ziegler (born 1934) of    Switzerland "for Wiesel's courageous and profoundly intelligent efforts to hinder separation of peoples and promote true human connection."
  25. ^ Other nominators of Wisel in 1971 included Amiya Chakravarty (1901–1986) of   India "for [Wiesel] being a prominent author, transcendent humanist, and intrepid peace-worker"; Alan Cranston (1914–2000) of the   United States "for [Wiesel] having offered a moral perspective on the Holocaust which bears broad implications about human nature, civilization, and moral value, and throughout his novels and essays, his travels and lectures, he has been a ceaseless advocate of peace"; Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978) of the   United States "for throughout Wiesel's novels and essays, his travels and lectures being a ceaseless advocate of peace and for his works of great importance, especially since a generation has passed since the end of the Second World War"; André Monteil (1915–1998) of   France "for Wiesel's work against hate, and his faith in mankind and the final victory of the forces of progress and peace"; Jacob Javits (1904–1986) of   United States "for showing a wisdom born of incredible suffering and a burning desire in his writing to bring the inexorable lessons of the Holocaust home to mankind"; and Emil Fackenheim (1916–2003) of   Israel without motivations for the nomination.
  26. ^ Other nominators of Wiesel in 1973 included Olivier de Pierrebourg (1908–1973) of   France, Walter Kaufmann (1921–1980) of   Germany–  United States, Henry M. Jackson (1912–1983) of the   United States, Paul Stehlin [fr] (1907–1975) of   France, Richard A. Falk (born 1930) of the   United States, Georg Leber (1920–2012) of   Germany, Haakon Olsen Wika (1899–1981) and Ingemund Gullvåg [no] (1925–1998) of   Norway.
  27. ^ Other nominators of Wiesel in 1973 included Ingemund Gullvåg (1925–1998) of   Norway and Henry M. Jackson (1912–1983) of the   United States.
  28. ^ The four Romanian women who formed part in the 1000 PeaceWomen were Cristina Guseth, Erzsebet Turos, Cornelia Negoiță, and Soknan Han Jung.

References

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  1. ^ "Nobel Prize Winners of Romania". European London. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  3. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1986". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  5. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  6. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  7. ^ "Nomination for 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics by F. Cap". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  8. ^ "Nomination archive – Hermann Oberth". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  9. ^ "Nomination for 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry by Paul Doughty Bartlett". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  10. ^ "Nomination archive – Costin D Nenitzescu". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  11. ^ "Nomination for 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by M. Manicatide". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  12. ^ "Nomination archive – Victor Babes". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Nomination archive – Constantin Levaditi". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  14. ^ "Nomination archive – Thomas Ionnesco". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  15. ^ "Nomination archive – Jean Cantacuzène". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  16. ^ "Nomination archive – Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  17. ^ "Nomination archive –Dezsö Szabó". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  18. ^ "Nomination archive – Marthe Bibesco". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  19. ^ "Nomination archive – Mircea Eliade". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  20. ^ "Nomination archive – Paul Celan". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  21. ^ "Nomination archive – Eugène Ionesco". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  22. ^ "Nomination archive – Tudor Arghezi". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  23. ^ "Nomination archive – Zaharia Stancu". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  24. ^ a b c "Nobelarkivet-1973" (PDF). svenskaakademien.se. 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  25. ^ "Nomination archive – Eugen Barbu". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  26. ^ a b c "Nomination archive – Elie Wiesel". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  27. ^ Vasilica Sirbu (2011). "The Nobel Peace Prize from a Romanian Perspective – The Interwar Period". Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  28. ^ "Nomination archive – Vespasian V Pella". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  29. ^ "Un siretean nominalizat pentru Premiul Nobel pentru Pace". crainou.co (in Romanian). 8 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  30. ^ "Nomination archive – Peter Tomaschek". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  31. ^ "Nomination archive – Andreo Cseh". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  32. ^ "Nomination archive – Eugene Relgis". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  33. ^ PeaceWomen Across the Globe Archived 2023-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, www.1000peacewomen.org, retrieved 1 January 2023.
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