Wikipedia

List of Anseriformes by population

This is a list of Anseriformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields.

Anseriformes (Anser being Latin for "goose") is the taxonomic order to which the ducks, geese, swans, and screamers belong. BirdLife International has assessed 166 species; 89 (54% of total species) have had their population estimated. A variety of methods are used for counting waterfowl. For example, in North America, national and sub-national agencies use planes and helicopters to make aerial transects of breeding populations, and extrapolate these counts over the species' known ranges. Methodologies are continuously being refined; thus estimates can be expected to become more accurate over time. Forecasts can be made by studying habitat condition trends and by interviewing local experts.[1] For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.

The first bird in this list, the crested shelduck, retains a status of Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List but may in fact be extinct. The last confirmed reporting was in 1964 near Vladivostok. North Korea claimed a sighting in March 1971, but this record is highly suspect. Unconfirmed reports do, however, periodically roll in from Northeast China, giving scientists hope that the last individual has not yet died.[2] To be assessed as Critically Endangered a species must have experienced a decline of at least 80% in the past ten years or three generations, or be projected to decline that much in the future ten years or three generations.[3] As some species below are rapidly approaching their minimum viable population (MVP), the future may see their removal from the list and addition to the preceding paragraph.

Extinct species:

Species by global population

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Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
Crested shelduck Tadorna cristata 1-49[13] CR[13] ?[13]  
Madagascar pochard Aythya innotata 30-50[14] CR[14]  [14] Rediscovered in 2008.[14]  
Brazilian merganser Mergus octosetaceus 50-249[15] CR[15]  [15] This is a precautionary estimate. Actual population may exceed this estimate.[15]  
Baer's pochard Aythya baeri 150-700[16] CR[16]  [16]  
Andaman teal Anas albogularis 250-999[17] VU[17]  [17] Estimate is for mature individuals only; numbers may be higher.[17]  
White-winged duck Asarcornis scutulata 250-999[18] EN[18]  [18]  
Auckland teal Anas aucklandica 330-1,700

1,000-1,700[19]

NT[19]  [19] First given estimate is obtained from considering multiple counts over the years. The second is purely the 2021 estimate.[19]  
Campbell teal Anas nesiotis > c. 500[20] VU[20]  [20] No formal count has been conducted. This is an opportunistic estimate.[20]  
Laysan duck Anas laysanensis 500-680[21] CR[21]  [21] No total population estimate is given due to the birds rarity.[21]  
Bernier's teal Anas bernieri 630-1,900[22] EN[22]  [23] Total population is not given. This estimate for mature individuals is based on multiple counts over the years.[22]  
Blue duck Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos 1,200[23] EN[23]  [23]  
Meller's duck Anas melleri 1,300-3,300[24] EN[24]  [24] Total population estimated at 2,000-5,000 individuals.[24]  
Hawaiian duck Anas wyvilliana 1,500[25] EN[25]  [25] Total population estimated at 2,200 individuals.[25]  
Northern screamer Chauna chavaria 1,500-7,000[26] NT[26]  [26]  
Brown teal Anas chlorotis 1,600-2,200[27] NT[27]  [27] Total population estimated at 2,400-3,400 individuals.[27]  
Bronze-winged duck Speculanas specularis 1,500-7,000[28] NT[28]  [28] Total population estimated at under 10,000 individuals, leading to estimate 2,500-9,999 (made in 2002).[28]  
Nene Branta sandvicensis 1,700-2,200[29] NT[29]  [29]  
Salvadori's teal Salvadorina waigiuensis 2500-20,000[30] VU[30]  [30]  
Scaly-sided merganser Mergus squamatus 2,400-4,500[31] EN[31]  [31] Estimate is rough; further research needed.[31]  
Blue-winged goose Cyanochen cyanoptera 3,000-7,000[32] NT[32]  [32]  
New Zealand scaup Aythya novaeseelandiae 3,300-6,700[33] LC[33]  [33]  
Philippine duck Anas luzonica 3,300-6,700[34] VU[34]  [34] Total population is estimated to fall between 5,000 and 10,000 from counts in 2004 and 2005.[34]  
Chubut steamer duck Tachyeres leucocephalus 3,400-3,700[35] VU[35]  [35] Total population estimated at 5,300-5,600 individuals from a count in 2011.[35]  
Maccoa duck Oxyura maccoa 4,800-5,700[36] EN[36]  [36] Estimate from observations in East and South Africa.[36]  
White-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala 5,300-8,700[37] EN[37]  [37] Breeding pairs estimates at 500–1,200 mature individuals.[37]  
West Indian whistling duck Dendrocygna arborea 6,000-15,000[38] NT[38]  [38] This estimate is conservative- actual population may be larger.[38]  
Andean teal Anas andium 6,000-15,000[39] LC[39]  [39] Total population estimated 10,000-19,999 individuals.[39]  
Spotted whistling duck Dendrocygna guttata 6,700-17,000[40] LC[40]  [40]  
Coscoroba swan Coscoroba coscoroba 6,700-17,000 LC    
Magellanic steamerduck Tachyeres pteneres 6,700-67,000[41] LC[41]  [41] There is little to no evidence of any declines in population, so assumed to be stable. There is no total population estimate.[41]  
Sunda teal Anas gibberifrons 6,700-67,000[42] NT[42]  [42] Total population estimated at 10,000-100,000.[42]  
Freckled duck Stictonetta naevosa 7,300-17,000[43] LC[43]  [43]  
Flying steamerduck Tachyeres patachonicus 7,300-18,000[44] LC[44]  [44] Global population is estimated at 11,000-26,000 individuals. Falkland Islands populations is estimate at 600–1,200 total birds.[44]  
White-backed duck Thalassornis leuconotus 8,000-19,000[45] LC[45]  [45]  
Orinoco goose Neochen jubata 10,000-25,000[46] NT[46]  [46]  
Cape Barren goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae 11,000-12,000[47] LC[47]  [47]  
Flying steamer duck Tachyeres patachonicus 11,000-26,000[48] LC[48]  [48]  
Torrent duck Merganetta armata 13,000-23,000[49] LC[49]  [49]  
Musk duck Biziura lobata 13,000-33,000[50] LC[50]  [50]  
Cape shoveler Spatula smithii 13,000-33,000[51] LC[51]  [51] This estimate is only for mature individuals. A total population estimate is not given.[51]  
Blue-billed duck Oxyura australis 11,000-19,000c. 15,000[52] LC[52]  [52] 15,000 is the best estimate, with the full range also given.[52]  
Lesser white-fronted goose Anser erythropus 16,000-27,000[53] VU[53]  [53]  
Masked duck Nomonyx dominicus 16,000-200,000[54] LC[54]  [54] These are extreme estimates due to uncertainty on population.[54]  
Lake duck Oxyura vittata 25,000-100,000[55] LC[55]  [55]  
Ringed teal Callonetta leucophrys 25,000-100,000[56] LC[56]  [56]  
American comb duck Sarkidiornis sylvicola 25,000-100,000[57] LC[57]  [57]  
Hartlaub's duck Pteronetta hartlaubii 26,000-110,000[58] LC[58]  [58]  
Eaton's pintail Anas eatoni 31,200-41,400[59] VU[59]  [59] Has not been estimated since the 1980s; numbers have probably declined. Total population is estimated at 45,000-60,000.[59]  
Andean duck Oxyura ferruginea 35,000-110,000[60] LC[60]  [60] Estimate includes 10,000 of andina subspecies and 25,000-100,000 of ferruginea subspecies.[60]  
Red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis 37,000[61] EN[61]  [61] Minimum estimate.[61]  
Ruddy-headed goose Chloephaga rubidiceps 43,000-82,000[62] LC[62]  [62]  
Red-breasted merganser Mergus serrator 44,000-56,000[63] VU[63]  [63] This estimate comes from multiple population estimates over the past two decades.[63]  
Trumpeter swan Cygnus buccinator 50,000[64] LC[64]  [64]  
Marbled duck Marmaronetta angustirostris 55,000-61,000[65] VU[65]  [65] This estimate includes the following: 3,000-6,000 in Mediterranean and West Africa, 5,000 in south Asia, and 46,000-50,000 in south-western Asia.[65]  
Muscovy duck Cairina moschata 50,000-499,999[66] LC[66]  [66]  
Swan goose Anser cygnoides 60,000-90,000[67] VU[67]  [67]  
Mandarin duck Aix galericulata 65,000-66,000[68] LC[68]  [68] This estimate includes the following: 100–10,000 breeding pairs in China, 100 in Taiwan, 100–10,000 in Korea, and 10,000-100,000 in Japan.[68]  
Emperor goose Chen canagica > c. 85,000[69] NT[69]  [69]  
Falcated duck Mareca falcata > 89,000[70] NT[70]  [70]  
Black swan Cygnus atratus 100,000-1,000,000[71] LC[71]  [71]  
Pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus 114,000-148,000[72] LC[72]  [72]  
Smew Mergellus albellus > 130,000[73] LC[73]  [73] European population estimated at 18,300-35,200 mature individuals.[73]  
Steller's eider Polysticta stelleri 130,000-150,000[74] VU[74]  [74]  
Cotton pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus 130,000-1,100,000[75] LC[75]  [75]  
Velvet scoter Melanitta fusca 141,000-268,000[76] VU[76]  [76]  
Indian spot-billed duck Anas poecilorhyncha 150,000-1,100,000[77] LC[77]  [77] This estimate includes the Chinese Spot-billed Duck, as the count was conducted before the taxonomy change.[77]  
Mute swan Cygnus olor 167,000-231,000[78] LC[78]  [78]  
Ruddy shelduck Tadorna ferruginea 170,000-220,000[79] LC[79] ?[79] European population is estimated at 33,900-53,100 mature individuals.[79]  
Barrow's goldeneye Bucephala islandica 175,000-200,000[80] LC[80]  [80] European population is 1,600-1,800 mature individuals, North American population is 180,000 mature individuals, but Alaskan population is unknown.[80]  
Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus > c. 180,000[81] LC[81] ?[81] Europe has approx. 50,600-65,500 mature individuals, and Russia has 10,000-100,000 breeding pairs.[81]  
Ferruginous duck Aythya nyroca 180,000-240,000[82] NT[82]  [82]  
Pacific black duck Anas superciliosa 180,000-1,200,000[83] LC[83] ?[83] This is for the total population only. The population has decreased significantly over the last fifty years.[83]  
Harlequin duck Histrionicus histrionicus 190,000-380,000[84] LC[84]  [84] Russian estimate is 10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and 4,000-7,000 pairs in Europe.[84]  
Lesser whistling duck Dendrocygna javanica 200,000-2,000,000[85] LC[85]  [85]  
Black-bellied whistling duck Dendrocygna autumnalis 200,000-2,000,000[86] LC[86]  [86]  
Spectacled eider Somateria fischeri 250,000[87] NT[87]  [87]  
Surf scoter Melanitta perspicillata 250,000-1,300,000[88] LC[88]  [88]  
Tundra swan Cygnus columbianus 317,000-336,000[89] LC[89] ?[89] European breeding population is 10,000-12,000 mature individuals.[89]  
Black scoter Melanitta americana 350,000-560,000[90] NT[90]  [90]  
Cinnamon teal Spatula cyanoptera 380,000[91] LC[91]  [91]  
Siberian scoter Melanitta stenjnegeri 400,000-700,000[92] LC[92]  [92]  
Common shelduck Tadorna tadorna 415,000-500,000[93] LC[93]  [93]  
Red-crested pochard Netta rufina 420,000-600,000[94] LC[94] ?[94] Estimate includes European population at 55,100-86,000 mature individuals.[94]  
Brant goose Branta bernicla 490,000[95] LC[95] ?[95] European population is 3,000-3,600 mature individuals.[95]  
White-winged scoter Melanitta deglandi 600,000-1,000,000[96] LC[96]  [96]  
Bean goose Anser fabalis 680,000-800,000[97] LC[97]  [97]  
Canvasback Aythya valisineria 690,000[98] LC[98]  [98]  
American black duck Anas rubripes 700,000[99] LC[99]  [99] No global population estimate given.[99]  
Common pochard Aythya ferina 760,000-790,000[100] VU[100]  [100]  
King eider Somateria spectabilis 800,000-900,000[101] LC[101]  [101]  
Barnacle goose Branta leucopsis 880,000[102] LC[102]  [102]  
Eastern spot-billed duck Anas zonorhyncha 800,000-1,600,000[103] LC[103]  [103] This is for the total population- no mature individuals estimate is given.[103]  
Magpie goose Anseranas semipalmata 1,000,000[104] LC[104]  [104]  
Rosy-billed pochard Netta peposaca 1,000,000[105] LC[105]  [105]  
Grey teal Anas gracilis 1,000,000-1,100,000[106] LC[106]  [106] This is the total population estimate. Estimate for mature individuals is not given.[106]  
Greylag goose Anser anser 1,000,000-1,100,000[107] LC[107]  [107] European population is 519,000-853,000 mature individuals[107]  
Common scoter Melanitta nigra 1,070,000[108] LC[108] ?[108] European population estimated at 214,000-263,000 mature individuals.[108]  
Hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus 1,100,000[109] LC[109]  [109]  
Redhead Aythya americana 1,200,000[110] LC[110]  [110]  
Greater scaup Aythya marila 4,900,000-5,199,999[111] LC[111]  [111]  
Bufflehead Bucephala albeola 1,300,000[112] LC[112]  [112]  
Fulvous whistling duck Dendrocygna bicolor 1,300,000-1,500,000[113] LC[113]  [113]  
Common eider Somateria mollissima 1,580,000-1,910,000[114] LC[114] ?[114]  
Common merganser Mergus merganser 1,700,000-2,400,000[115] LC[115] ?[115] European population is 134,000-206,000 mature individuals.[115]  
White-faced whistling duck Dendrocygna viduata 1,700,000-2,800,000[116] LC[116]  [116]  
Ring-necked duck Aythya collaris 2,000,000[117] LC[117]  [117]  
Ross's goose Anser rossii 2,100,000[118] LC[118]  [118]  
Garganey Anas querquedula 2,600,000-2,800,000[119] LC[119]  [119] European population includes 704,000-1,050,000 mature individuals.[119]  
Tufted duck Aythya fuligula 2,600,000-2,900,000[120] LC[120]  [120]  
American wigeon Mareca americana 2,700,000[121] LC[121]  [121]  
Common goldeneye Bucephala clangula 2,700,000-4,700,000[122] LC[122]  [122] Russian population is 100,000-1,000,000 breeding pairs, and European population is 977,000-1,250,000 mature individuals.[122]  
Common teal Anas crecca 2,800,000[123] LC[123] ?[123] European population estimated at 1,110,000-1,830,000 mature individuals. No global estimate given.[123]  
Eurasian wigeon Mareca penelope 2,800,000-3,300,000[124] LC[124]  [124] European population estimated at 9377,000-1,290,000 mature individuals.[124]  
Greater white-fronted goose Anser albifrons 3,100,000-3,200,000[125] LC[125] ?[125]  
Long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis 3,200-000-3,750,000[126] VU[126]  [126]  
Green-winged teal Anas carolinensis 3,900,000[127] LC[127]  [127] No total population given.[127]  
Gadwall Mareca strepera 4,300,000-4,900,000[128] LC[128]  [128] Global population is estimated a 4,300,000-4,900,000 individuals, with the European population containing 151,000-250,000 mature individuals.[128]  
Lesser scaup Aythya affinis 3,700,000[129] LC[129]  [129]  
Cackling goose Branta hutchinsii 4,500,000[130] LC[130]  [130]  
Wood duck Aix sponsa 4,600,000[131] LC[131]  [131]  
Northern pintail Anas acuta 4,700,000-4,800,000[132] LC[132]  [132] Total population is estimated at 7,100,000-7,200,000 individuals. European population includes 419,000-539,000 mature individuals.[132]  
Canada goose Branta canadensis 5,000,000-6,200,000[133] LC[133]  [133]  
Northern shoveler Anas clypeata 4,300,000-4,700,000[134] LC[134]  [134] Global population is estimated at 6,500,000-7,000,000 total individuals, and the European population contains 340,000-466,000 mature individuals.[134]  
Blue-winged teal Spatula discors 7,800,000[135] LC[135]  [135] There is no total population for this estimation- only one for the number of mature individuals.[135]  
Snow goose Answer caerulescens 16,000,000[136] LC[136]  [136] European estimate is 2,000-4,000 mature individuals.[136]  
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos > c. 19,000,000[137] LC[137]  [137] European population estimated at 5,700,000-9,220,000 mature individuals.[137]  

See also

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References

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  1. ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service (20 July 2012). "Waterfowl Population Status, 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  2. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Tadorna cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680021A132052989. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680021A132052989.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  3. ^ IUCN (2001). "V. THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE". Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  4. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Alopochen kervazoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22729490A95017764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22729490A95017764.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  5. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Alopochen mauritianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
  6. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; Jouventin, Pierre (February 1996). "A new species of small flightless duck from Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean (Anatidae: Anas)" (PDF). The Condor. 98 (1): 1–9. doi:10.2307/1369501. JSTOR 1369501. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  7. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anas marecula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728666A94993378. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728666A94993378.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  8. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anas theodori". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728662A94993214. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728662A94993214.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  9. ^ Amidon, Fred (23 Feb 2004). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removing the Mariana Mallard and the Guam Broadbill From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife" (PDF). Federal Register. 69 (34): 8116–8119. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  10. ^ "New Zealand Ecology: Teal". TerraNature Trust. 2010–2011. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  11. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Camptorhynchus labradorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680418A92862623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680418A92862623.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  12. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mergus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680496A92864737. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680496A92864737.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  13. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-09). "Tadorna cristata: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680021A132052989". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680021a132052989.en.
  14. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Aythya innotata: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680380A128903025". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680380a128903025.en.
  15. ^ a b c d IUCN (2019-02-01). "Mergus octosetaceus: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22680482A143756439". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019-02-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22680482a143756439.en.
  16. ^ a b c IUCN (2019-08-15). "Aythya baeri: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22680384A154436811". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019-08-15. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22680384a154436811.en.
  17. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Anas albogularis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22727280A110106998". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-1.rlts.t22727280a110106998.en.
  18. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Asarcornis scutulata: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22680064A110103586". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-1.rlts.t22680064a110103586.en.
  19. ^ a b c d IUCN (2021-01-20). "Anas aucklandica: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680280A194816119". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021-01-20. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680280a194816119.en.
  20. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-03-25). "Anas nesiotis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22724580A171601774". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-03-25. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t22724580a171601774.en.
  21. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-06). "Anas laysanensis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680203A130697270". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-06. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680203a130697270.en.
  22. ^ a b c "Anas bernieri: BirdLife International". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013-11-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2013-2.rlts.t22680252a48006358.en. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  23. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680121A92844858". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680121a92844858.en.
  24. ^ a b c d IUCN (2021-02-09). "Anas melleri: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680225A196314602". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021-02-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680225a196314602.en.
  25. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Anas wyvilliana: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22680199A112386802". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-1.rlts.t22680199a112386802.en.
  26. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Chauna chavaria: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679726A92826428". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22679726a92826428.en.
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  105. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Netta peposaca: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680351A92856953". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680351a92856953.en.
  106. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Anas gracilis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680271A92853108". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680271a92853108.en.
  107. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-09). "Anser anser: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679889A131907747". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22679889a131907747.en.
  108. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-07). "Melanitta nigra: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22724879A132257623". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22724879a132257623.en.
  109. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Lophodytes cucullatus: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680472A137932133". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680472a137932133.en.
  110. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Aythya americana: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680367A137752425". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680367a137752425.en.
  111. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2018). "Aythya marila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680398A132525108. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680398A132525108.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  112. ^ a b c IUCN (2021-10-07). "Bucephala albeola: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T22680462A137784330". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021-10-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t22680462a137784330.en.
  113. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Dendrocygna bicolor: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679746A92827620". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22679746a92827620.en.
  114. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-07). "Somateria mollissima: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680405A132525971". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680405a132525971.en.
  115. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-07). "Mergus merganser: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680492A132054083". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680492a132054083.en.
  116. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Dendrocygna viduata: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679763A92829021". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22679763a92829021.en.
  117. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Aythya collaris: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680370A137908133". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680370a137908133.en.
  118. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-12). "Anser rossii: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22679909A136898830". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22679909a136898830.en.
  119. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Spatula querquedula: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680313A86016410". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680313a86016410.en.
  120. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Aythya fuligula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680391A86013549. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680391A86013549.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  121. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Mareca americana: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680163A137010293". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680163a137010293.en.
  122. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-07). "Bucephala clangula: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680455A132529366". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680455a132529366.en.
  123. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-08-13). "Anas crecca: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22680321A181692388". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-08-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t22680321a181692388.en.
  124. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Mareca penelope: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22680157A111892532". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-1.rlts.t22680157a111892532.en.
  125. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Anser albifrons: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679881A85980652". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22679881a85980652.en.
  126. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-07). "Clangula hyemalis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680427A132528200". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680427a132528200.en.
  127. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-08-13). "Anas carolinensis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22729498A181562690". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-08-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t22729498a181562690.en.
  128. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Mareca strepera: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680149A86020572". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680149a86020572.en.
  129. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Aythya affinis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680402A139381357". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680402a139381357.en.
  130. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-12). "Branta hutchinsii: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22733619A139214707". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22733619a139214707.en.
  131. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-12). "Aix sponsa: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680104A136999461". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680104a136999461.en.
  132. ^ a b c d IUCN (2019-08-13). "Anas acuta: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22680301A153882797". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019-08-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22680301a153882797.en.
  133. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-09). "Branta canadensis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679935A131909406". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22679935a131909406.en.
  134. ^ a b c d IUCN (2019-08-14). "Spatula clypeata: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22680247A153875944". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019-08-14. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22680247a153875944.en.
  135. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-11-12). "Spatula discors: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680229A137731845". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680229a137731845.en.
  136. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-11-12). "Anser caerulescens: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22679896A157448765". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22679896a157448765.en.
  137. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Anas platyrhynchos: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22680186A155457360". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22680186a155457360.en.
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