The Labor Left (LL), also known as the Progressive Left or Socialist Left, is one of the two major political factions of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). It is nationally characterised by social progressivism and democratic socialism and competes with the more economically liberal Labor Right faction.
Labor Left Progressive/Socialist Left | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | LL |
| National Convenors | |
| Newspaper | Challenge Magazine |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-left[7] |
| National affiliation | Australian Labor |
| Colours | Red |
| Federal Parliamentary Caucus | 46 / 102 |
The Labor Left operates autonomously in each state and territory of Australia, and organises as a broad alliance at the national level. Its policy positions include party democratisation, economic interventionism, progressive tax reform, refugee rights, gender equality and same-sex marriage.[8] The faction includes members with a range of political perspectives, including Keynesianism, trade union militancy, Fabian social democracy, New Leftism, and democratic socialism.[9]
Factional activity
edit
Most political parties contain informal factions of members who work towards common goals, however, the Australian Labor Party is noted for having highly structured and organised factions across the ideological spectrum.[10]
Labor Left is a membership-based organisation which has internal office bearers, publications, and policy positions.[10] The faction coordinates political activity and policy development across different hierarchical levels and organisational components of the party,[11] negotiates with other factions on political strategy and policy, and uses party processes to try to defeat other groups if consensus cannot be reached.[12]
Many members of parliament and trade union leaders are formally aligned with the Left and Right factions, and party positions and ministerial allocations are negotiated and divided between the factions based on the proportion of Labor caucus aligned with that faction.[10][12]
History
editThis section needs expansion with: sources on the modern history of the Left, and its history outside Victoria and New South Wales. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016) |
Labor left factions before the 1950s
editHistorian Frank Bongiorno has noted that there had been several organisations associated with the left wing of Labor before the 1950s, from the Australian Socialist League in the 1890s, the industrial left which emerged during World War I, the early supporters of Jack Lang, and the State Labor Party of the 1940s.[9]
Labor Party split of 1955
editThe modern Labor Left emerged from the Labor Party split of 1955, in which anti-communist activists associated with B. A. Santamaria and the Industrial Groups formed the Democratic Labor Party while left-wing parliamentarians and unions loyal to H. V. Evatt and Arthur Calwell remained in the Australian Labor Party.[13] The earliest formal factional organization was the NSW Combined Unions and Branches Steering Committee (later known as the NSW Socialist Left), which was formed in January 1955.[9]
The split played out differently across the country, with anti-communists leaving the party in Victoria and Queensland but remaining within in most other states. This created a power vacuum which allowed the Left to take control of the Federal Executive and Victorian state branch, while its opponents were preserved elsewhere.[13] Tom Uren described the left of the Labor Party Caucus upon his election to Parliament in the late 1950s as "a loosely knit grouping ... consist[ing] mostly of anti-Catholics, although some members were militants or socialists".[9]
From 1965, organised internal groups emerged to challenge the control of the Left, supported by figures such as John Button and Gough Whitlam. After the Victorian branch lost the 1970 state election in the midst of a public dispute with Whitlam over state aid for private schools, the South Australian Left, led by Clyde Cameron, and New South Wales Left, led by Arthur Gietzelt, agreed to support an intervention which saw the Victorian state branch abolished and subsequently reconstructed without Left control.[13] Leftists in the Victorian party subsequently regrouped as the formally organized Socialist Left faction. In Queensland, the left coalesced around senator George Georges. Despite an increasing level of organisation in the grassroots party, this was not reflected within the Parliamentary caucus: Ken Fry noted that when he was elected to Parliament in 1974, meetings of left MPs were irregular and they responded to events in an ad hoc manner. The Labor Left suffered the loss of two of its key leaders in the mid-1970s with the downfall of Jim Cairns and the elevation of Lionel Murphy to the High Court of Australia, yet it continued to make advances in terms of nationwide organisation: right-wing power broker Graham Richardson has acknowledged that "at the beginning of the 1980s the Left was the only national faction".[9]
Labor Left split in the 1980s
editLabor leftists continued to formalise their organisation into the 1980s. In New South Wales, the Steering Committee (which later became known as the Socialist Left in 1989) made advances in branches across the state in the late 1970s and early 1980s under the leadership of Peter Baldwin, initially in the suburbs of Sydney before spreading to the inner cities. This culminated in the deselection of the right-aligned MP for Sydney, Les McMahon, and the selection of Baldwin as Labor candidate for the seat. This was followed by other Labor Right MPs in Sydney's Inner West similarly being usurped by left candidates.[14]
In Tasmania, the Broad Left formalised itself in 1983, having taken control of the state party after reforms democratised it in 1976.[9][15] In the Australian Capital Territory, the Left Caucus was founded after a left candidate was not preselected in 1982. However, the Left was unable to translate their organisational advances into a presence in the Hawke government: although about a third of the Parliamentary caucus were aligned with the Left at the time, only one member was appointed to Hawke's first cabinet, Stewart West: leading left-winger Brian Howe placed high in the ministry ballot, but was relegated to a junior ministerial position. This came against the background of an increasing factionalising across the party and the emergence of a centre-left faction which joined with the Labor Right to dominate the Hawke government. Left influence was also restricted by the ALP's binding pledge committing legislators to accept caucus discipline, allowing members little freedom to dissent. Left influence also declined at the national conference, with the faction losing its conference majority in the early 1980s.[9]
During the 1980s, prolonged disputes over tactical issues and personality conflicts resulted in a split occurring within the New South Wales Labor Left, creating two sub-factional groupings; the 'Hard Left' and the 'Soft Left',[16] the latter of which was the successor of the Baldwinites.[14] A significant event which caused the split was the election of the Secretary Assistant of the New South Wales Labor Party, where the Hard Left faction supported Anthony Albanese while the Soft Left faction supported Jan Burnswoods.[16] The Hard Left faction was more closely aligned with left-wing groups external to the Labor Party, maintaining "closer links with broader left-wing groups, such as the Communist Party of Australia, People for Nuclear Disarmament and the African National Congress" as well as trade union officials, political staffers, lobbyists and student politicians, while the Soft Left's main base of support was among rank-and-file party branch members.[16][14] In terms of tactics, the Hard Left favoured a top-down approach of transactional negotiation with the Labor Right, whilst the Soft Left advocated a continuation of the Baldwinite bottom-up strategy of mobilising the grassroots membership to win party positions. This difference in approach led to struggles between the two factions over candidate selections, with the Hard Left using their control over the party apparatus in tandem with sections of the Right to deselect Soft Left MPs across the state, particularly in western Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong. For example, in Newcastle Bryce Gaudry was deselected in favour of the Right's Jodi McKay, following which about 130 members resigned or were expelled from the city's ALP branches, previously the largest in the state.[14] The factions also had differing views on policy. While members of both the Soft and Hard Left opposed the Hawke/Keating government's privatisation of the Commonwealth Bank and Qantas, the Hard Left was seen as being more staunchly resistant to these changes.[16]
Post 1990s
editLindsay Tanner, writing in the early 1990s, argued that the principal "axis of division" with the ALP cut across the traditional left-right divide, namely the opposition of "rationalists" and "traditionalists", with the former supporting the Prices and Incomes Accord and union mergers, and abandoning or watering down their commitment to traditional Labor objectives such as public ownership, non-interventionism in foreign policy, and maintenance of working-class living standards, whilst the latter were negative towards the Accord, opposed to union mergers, sympathetic toward economic autarky, and attached to traditional Labor policy objectives.[17] This divide can be seen through the career of Joan Kirner, who served as Premier of Victoria between 1990 and 1992 and was the first member of the modern Labor Left to lead a government, who supported the ascent of Paul Keating to the post of Prime Minister and his decision to privatise Commonwealth Bank to finance a bailout for the ailing State Bank of Victoria. This resulted in the formation of a splinter group from the Socialist Left, the Pledge faction, which opposed privatisation: in 1996, Pledge allied with another left split, the Labour Renewal Alliance, and the right-wing Labor Unity faction to take control of the party away from the Socialist Left.[18][9]
The National Labor Students (NLS) held a press conference with Socialist Alternative during the National Union of Students (NUS) Education Conference 2024, to announce support for Senator Fatima Payman and denounce the actions of the Senator being expelled from the Labor party caucus.[19][20] The NUS National President and NLS leader, Ngaire Bogemann, revealed she and many other members were "considering withdrawing [their ALP] membership".[21]
Labor Left factions from all jurisdictions
edit| Jurisdiction | Major Left grouping | Conference floor percentage 2015 | Majority |
|---|---|---|---|
| New South Wales | NSW Left | 40%[22] | No |
| Victoria | Victorian Socialist Left | 49%[23] | Stability pact with the TWU-SDA |
| Western Australia | Broad Left | 84%[22] | Yes |
| Queensland | The Left | 49%[24] | Yes |
| ACT | Left Caucus | 51%[22] | Yes |
| South Australia | Progressive Left Unions and Sub-Branches | 35%[22] | No |
| Tasmania | The Left | 70%[22] | Yes |
| Northern Territory | The Left | 60%[22] | Yes |
| National | National Left | 48%[22] | No |
Federal members of the Labor Left
edit| Name | Seat | Other position(s) | State/territory | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthony Albanese | Member for Grayndler | Prime Minister of Australia Leader of the Labor Party |
New South Wales | [25] |
| Tanya Plibersek | Member for Sydney | Minister for Environment and Water | [25] | |
| Pat Conroy | Member for Shortland | Minister for International Development and the Pacific Minister for Defense Industry and Capability Delivery |
[26] | |
| Stephen Jones | Member for Whitlam | Assistant Treasurer Minister for Financial Services |
[27] | |
| Jenny McAllister | Senator for New South Wales | Minister for Cities Minister for Emergency Management |
||
| Tim Ayres | Assistant Minister for Trade | |||
| Catherine King | Member for Ballarat | Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, and Regional Development | Victoria | [28] |
| Andrew Giles | Member for Scullin | Minister for Skills and Training | [26] | |
| Ged Kearney | Member for Cooper | Assistant Minister for Health and Aged Care Assistant Minister for Indigenous Health |
[29] | |
| Kate Thwaites | Member for Jagajaga | Assistant Minister for Social Security Assistant Minister for Ageing Assistant Minister for Women |
[30] | |
| Julian Hill | Member for Bruce | Assistant Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs | ||
| Anne Aly | Member for Cowan | Minister for Early Childhood Education Minister for Youth |
Western Australia | |
| Patrick Gorman | Member for Perth | Assistant Minister to the Prime Minister Assistant Minister for the Public Service Assistant Minister to the Attorney-General |
[31] | |
| Josh Wilson | Member for Fremantle | Assistant Minister for Climate Change and Energy | ||
| Penny Wong | Senator for South Australia | Leader of the Labor Party in the Senate Leader of the Government in the Senate Minister for Foreign Affairs |
South Australia | [25] |
| Mark Butler | Member for Hindmarsh | Minister for Health and Aged Care Deputy Leader of the House |
[28] | |
| Murray Watt | Senator for Queensland | Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations | Queensland | |
| Julie Collins | Member for Franklin | Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Minister for Small Business |
Tasmania | [32] |
| Katy Gallagher | Senator for the Australian Capital Territory | Minister for Finance Minister for the Public Service Minister for Women |
Australian Capital Territory | |
| Malarndirri McCarthy | Senator for the Northern Territory | Minister for Indigenous Australians | Northern Territory | |
| Sharon Claydon | Member for Newcastle | Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives | New South Wales | |
| Susan Templeman | Member for Macquarie | Special Envoy for the Arts | ||
| Anne Stanley | Member for Werriwa | |||
| Linda Burney | Member for Barton | |||
| Jerome Laxale | Member for Bennelong | |||
| Fiona Phillips | Member for Gilmore | |||
| Maria Vamvakinou | Member for Calwell | Victoria | ||
| Lisa Chesters | Member for Bendigo | |||
| Libby Coker | Member for Corangamite | [33] | ||
| Brendan O'Connor | Member for Gorton | [28] | ||
| Mary Doyle | Member for Aston | |||
| Jodie Belyea | Member for Dunkley | |||
| Carina Garland | Member for Chisholm | |||
| Jess Walsh | Senator for Victoria | |||
| Lisa Darmanin | ||||
| Tracey Roberts | Member for Pearce | Western Australia | ||
| Sue Lines | Senator for Western Australia | President of the Senate | ||
| Louise Pratt | ||||
| Zaneta Mascharenhas | Member for Swan | [34] | ||
| Louise Miller-Frost | Member for Boothby | South Australia | ||
| Tony Zappia | Member for Makin | |||
| Karen Grogan | Senator for South Australia | [35] | ||
| Graham Perrett | Member for Moreton | Queensland | ||
| Nita Green | Senator for Queensland | Special Envoy for the Great Barrier Reef | ||
| Brian Mitchell | Member for Lyons | Tasmania | [32] | |
| Carol Brown | Senator for Tasmania | [32] | ||
| Anne Urquhart | [32] | |||
| Marion Scrymgour | Member for Lingiari | Northern Territory |
References
edit- ^ "nsw left". Facebook. NSW Left. 7 October 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
- ^ "SL VIC". Facebook. Socialist Left Victoria. 19 June 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
- ^ Massola, James (14 February 2021). "What are Labor's factions and who's who in the Left and Right?". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ McAllister, Ian (February 1991). "Party Adaptation and Factionalism within the Australian Party System". American Journal of Political Science. 35 (1): 206–227. Retrieved 4 September 2024 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Massola, James (14 February 2021). "What are Labor's factions and who's who in the Left and Right?". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ Robinson, Geoff (6 January 2008). "Labor lefts past and present". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
- ^ Massola, James (14 February 2021). "What are Labor's factions and who's who in the Left and Right?". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ "Labor faction chiefs lose control, leaving way open for left-wing issues such as gay marriage". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chiu, Osmond (27 July 2020). "Locking Out the Left: The Emergence of National Factions in Australian Labor". Jacobin. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ a b c Leigh, Andrew (9 June 2010). "Factions and Fractions: A Case Study of Power Politics in the Australian Labor Party". Australian Journal of Political Science. 35 (3): 427–448. doi:10.1080/713649348. S2CID 144601220.
- ^ Parkin, Andrew (1983). Machine Politics in the Australian Labor Party. George Allen and Unwin. p. 23.
- ^ a b Faulkner, Xandra Madeleine (2006). The Spirit of Accommodation: The Influence of the ALP's National Factions on Party Policy, 1996-2004 (Thesis). Griffith University. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- ^ a b c Oakley, Corey (Winter 2012). "The rise and fall of the ALP left in Victoria and NSW". Marxist Left Review. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ a b c d Daniel, Nicholas (13 November 2020). "Labor's Anthony Albanese Is Not a Friend of Australia's Left — And He Never Was". Jacobin. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
- ^ Davis, Richard (2005). "Labor Party". In Alexander, Alison (ed.). The Companion to Tasmanian History. University of Tasmania. ISBN 1-86295-223-X. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d Leigh, Andrew (2000). "Factions and Fractions: A Case Study of Power Politics in the Australian Labor Party" (PDF). Australian Journal of Political Science. 35 (3): 427–448. doi:10.1080/713649348. S2CID 144601220.
- ^ Tanner, Lindsay (June 1991). "Labourism's Last Days". Australian Left Review. No. 129. pp. 10–14. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ Robinson, Geoffrey (2 June 2015). "Joan Kirner, a pioneering leader for the Left as well as women". The Conversation. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ Thompson, Holly (3 July 2024). "As it happened: WA news on Wednesday, July 3". WAtoday. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ Opray, Max (9 July 2024). "Young Labor revolt over Payman". The Saturday Paper. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
- ^ "Young Labor supporters move to Greens over Payman's 'exile'". The West Australian. 3 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chiu, Osmond (2 September 2014). "What is the factional breakdown at Labor Conferences?". Agitate, Educate, Opine. Retrieved 22 January 2016.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Kolovos, Benita (16 June 2023). "Factions, power and Daniel Andrews: Victorian Labor prepares for its first state conference in more than three years". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ^ "'No dud politicians': Labor leaders on fiery union spray". The Courier-Mail.
- ^ a b c Matthewson, Paula (24 May 2019). "It can be tricky knowing left from right in the ALP". The New Daily. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ a b Crowe, David (29 October 2018). "New trade tensions inside Labor as Left faction pushes for greater labour restrictions". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ Koziol, Michael (20 May 2019). "Labor Left rallies behind Albanese as Plibersek pulls out of leadership race". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ a b c "The 12 Labor figures who will do the heavy lifting in government". Australian Financial Review. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ Middleton, Karen (19 October 2019). "Albanese juggles Labor frictions". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ Massola, James (14 February 2021). "What are Labor's factions and who's who in the Left and Right?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Butterly, Nick (11 May 2018). "WA Labor's Patrick Gorman to get nod as Perth candidate". The West Australian. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d Langenberg, Adam (20 July 2016). "Two Tasmanians on Left shadow cabinet ticket". The Advocate. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ Brook, Stephen; Hutchinson, Samantha (8 July 2020). "CBD Melbourne: Kearney and Coker jump to the Left". The Age. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ Law, Peter (18 June 2021). "Zaneta Mascarenhas looks set to be Labor's candidate for Federal seat of Swan". The West Australian. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ "Former social services boss tipped to lead SA Labor Left". 19 September 2019.
Further reading
edit- Barcan, Alan, (1960) The socialist left in Australia 1949–1959 Sydney: Australian Political Studies Association (Occasional monograph (Australian Political Studies Association)) no. 2.
- Leigh, Andrew, (2000) Factions and Fractions: A Case Study of Power Politics in the Australian Labor Party Australian Journal of Political Science, 2000, volume 35, issue 3, pages 427–448.
- Bongiorno, Frank (2014) The New South Wales Left at 60 NSW Left Website.