In Norse mythology, Lævateinn is a weapon crafted by Loki mentioned in the Poetic Edda poem Fjölsvinnsmál. The name Lævateinn does not appear in the original manuscript reading, but is an emendation from Hævateinn made by Sophus Bugge and others.
The weapon is needed to slay the rooster Viðofnir atop the Mímameiðr tree in order for the seeker to achieve his quest, or so replies the wise porter Fjölsviðr, the titular character of the poem.
Lævateinn has variously been asserted to be a dart (or some projectile weapon), or a sword, or a wand, by different commentators and translators. It is glossed as literally meaning a "wand" causing damage by several sources, yet some of these same sources claim simultaneously that the name is a kenning for sword. Others prefer to regard it as a magic wand (seiðr staff), can be considered the mistletoe dart that killed Baldur.
Attestation
editLævateinn is the only weapon capable of defeating the cockerel Viðofnir, as explained by Fiölsvith "the very wise" porter in the poem Fjölsvinnsmál.[1][2][3] Lopt, the sword's maker, refers to Loki.[4]
Name and meanings
editHævateinn, the untampered form of the weapon's name as occurs in manuscript, has been glossed as "sure-striking dart/arrow" by Árni Magnússon in 1787,[a][5] and rendered "an arrow's name /That never disappoints the aim" by A. S. Cottle in 1797.[6]
Lævateinn, the emendation made by changing the first letter from H to L, was proposed by Sophus Bugge in 1860/1861,[7] later printed in Bugge's edition of the Poetic Edda (1867 ),[8] and construed to mean 'Wounding Wand',[4] or 'damage twig', [9] or "Wand-of-Destruction".[10]
To be fair, Lævateinn or læ-wand can have three possible senses of meaning,[11] and the latter three English glosses exploit only one of them. The three meanings of læ (the nominative case of læva) are: "cunning", "deception", and "injury".[12][13] The weapon's name is glossed as "wand of non deceit" in passing without further explanation by Einar Ólafur Sveinsson.[1][14]
Fjölsvinnsmál
editThe weapon is mentioned briefly thus in the poem Fjölsvinnsmál:
Segþv mer þat, Fjölsviþr! |
|
| —Fjölsvinnsmál, str. 26–27. Árni Magnússon pub. (1787) | —Benjamin Thorpe translation |
Bugge proposed that this poem Fjölsvinnsmál should be treated as Part II of Svipdagsmál (sequel to Part I Grógaldr), and the sword's name was emended to Lævateinn by him.[8]
The poem underwent further modifications. The phrase "í sæg iárnkeri" ('placed in an iron vase')[15][b] was modified by Hjalmar Falk to "í Lægjarns keri", where Lægjarn denoted 'Lover of Ill', a nickname of Loki.[16][4]
Vindkaldr kvað: |
|
| —Fjölsvinnsmál, str. 25–26. Sophus Bugge ed. (1867)[c] | —Henry Adams Bellows translation |
Theories
editThe Laeva- stem of the weapon's name is considered the genitive form of Lae-, as occurs in Loki's nickname Lægjarn, where lae means 'deceit, fraud; bane', and so forth.[11][13]
Type of weapon
editThe identification of the type of weapon is not in agreement among commentators and translators.
The Hævateinn was interpreted to be a dart/arrow (spiculum) by Árni Magnússon and A. S. Cottle in the 18th century as already noted.[5][6]
Whereas Finnur Jónsson glossed it as a sword, along with other editors at the beginning of early 20th century,[17][18] and it was specifically claimed to be the same as the flaming sword of the giant Surtr by Henrik Schück.[19]
Or, the Hævateinn or Lævateinn was probably a magic wand crafted by Loki according to others, e.g., Albert Morey Sturtevant,[20] and a paper on seiðr magic staffs citing Rudolf Simek.[21][d]
Henry Adams Bellows glossed Lævateinn as meaning 'wounding wand', but rejected identification with the mistilteinn or "mistletoe with which Baldr was killed".[4] To complicate matters, the argument is also made by e.g. Lee M. Hollander that although Lævateinn is literally renderable as a "Wand-of-Destruction", it is etymologically considered to be a kenning for a sword.[10][9]
In Adolfo Zavaroni and Reggio Emilia's conception of the poem, Lævateinn is a cudgel ("Evilcudgel"), while it is Viðofnir who owns a collection of rods (divining rods) whereamong he maintains his sickle. In fact, the word völr in the text literally means "rounded rods",[22] although translators have figuratively interpreted the word to be the rooster's plumage.[23][e]
Explanatory notes
edit- ^ Latin: spiculum in feriendo certum.
- ^ Or, if parsed as "sæ-gjarn" becomes construable as 'sea lover'.[4]
- ^ with an emendation by Falk shown in brackets
- ^ Leszek Gardeła notes magic staff gambanteinn which also has a -teinn stem meaning 'twig'.
- ^ In Zavaroni and Emilia's picture, Viðofnir is not a mere bird, but "one of the aspects or hypostases of the [god] Hœnir".[22]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Einar Ól. Sveinsson (1971–1973), pp. 300–301.
- ^ a b Bellows tr. (1923). "Svipdagsmol (II Fjolsvinnsmol)" str. 41–42. p. 245
- ^ a b Thorpe tr. (1907). "The Lay of Filolsvith" str. 26–27. pp. 98–99
- ^ a b c d e Bellows tr. (1923), pp. 245–246. Notes to "Svipdagsmol (II Fjolsvinnsmol)" str. 42.
- ^ a b c Magnæus (1787). "Fiöl-svinns mál" str. 26–27. 1: 294–295
- ^ a b Cottle tr. (1797). "The Fable of Fiolsuid". p. 278
- ^ Bugge, Sophus (1861). "Hr. Bugge holdt folgende Foredrag om Forbindelsenn mellem de norrøne Digte Grógaldr og Fjölsvinnsmál oplyst ved Sammenligning med den dansk-svenske Folkevise om Sveidal". Forhandlinger i videnskabs-selskabet i Christiania. Vol. 1860. p. 139.
- ^ a b c Bugge (1867). "Svipdagsmál II: Fjölsvinnsmál" str. 25–26. pp. 347–348.
- ^ a b Simek (2007), p. 185.
- ^ a b Hollander tr. (2011). str. 26–27. p. 148 and note.
- ^ a b Wanner (2009).
- ^ Jan de Vries (1961), Wörterbuch. Cited by Wanner (2009).
- ^ a b Cf. "læ" s.v. Cleasby=Vigfusson's Dictionary (1874).
- ^ Pettit (2019), pp. 206–210, note 41
- ^ Magnæus (1787), p. 294 "Latin: In sino, ferreo vase".
- ^ a b Falk (1894), p. 51. "Mimetræts hane (Cockerel of the Mímameiðr--Mímir's tree)" str. 26. p. 51.
- ^ Finnur Jónsson (1905) p. 216 , and index, p. 524
- ^ Sijmons, Barend; Gering, Hugo ed. (1903–31) Edda 1:207. Cited by Wanner (2009).
- ^ Schück, Henrik (1904). Studier i nordisk litteratur- och religionshistoria. Vol. 2. Stockholm: Hugo Geber. p. 124.
- ^ Sturtevant, Albert Morey (March 1915). "A Note on the Sigrdrífumál". Publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study. 2 (2): 83. JSTOR 40914942.
- ^ Gardeła (2009), p. 199, citing Simek (2006), p. 185.
- ^ a b Zavaroni & Emilia (2006), p. 72.
- ^ e.g. Bellows tr. (1923). "Svipdagsmol (II Fjolsvinnsmol)" str. 46. p. 246: "sickle.. mid Vithofnir's feathers found".
Bibliography
editTexts and translations
edit- "Svipdagsmol II: Fjolsvinnsmol". The poetic Edda. Translated by Bellows, Henry Adams. New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation. 1923. pp. 239–251.
- "Svipdagsmol II: Fjolsvinnsmol". The poetic Edda. Translated by ——. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. 2004. pp. 239–251. ISBN 0-486-43710-8.
- Bugge, Sophus, ed. (1867). "Fiölsvinnsmál". Sæmundar Edda hins Fóda: Norroen Fornkvaedi. Christiana: P. T. Mallings. pp. 343–351.
- "The Fable of Fiolsuid". Icelandic Poetry, Or The Edda of Saemund. Translated by Cottle, A. S. Bristol: Joseph Cottle. 1797. pp. 265–286.
- "The Lay of Svipdag: The Lay of Fjolsvith". The Poetic Edda. Vol. 1. Translated by Hollander, Lee M. (2nd ed.). Austin: University of Texas. 2011 [1962]. pp. 143–153. ISBN 9780292764996.
- Finnur Jónsson, ed. (1905). "Fiölsvinnsmál". Sæmundar-Edda: Eddukvæði. Reykjavík: Sigurður Kristjánsson. pp. 211–221.
- "The Lay of Fjolsvith". The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson. Translated by Thorpe, Benjamin. London: Norrœna Society. 2004. pp. 95–101. ISBN 0-486-43710-8.
- Magnæus, Legatus [Arnas], ed. (1787). "Fiöl-svinns mál". Edda Sæmundar hinns Fróda. Edda rhythmica seu antiquior, vulgo Sæmundina dicta (in Latin). Vol. 1. Hafniæ: Gyldendal. pp. 275–310.
Secondary sources
edit- Einar Ól. Sveinsson (1971–1973), "Svipdag's Long Journey: Some Observations on Grógaldr and Fjölsvinnsmál", Béaloideas, 39/41: 298–319, doi:10.2307/20521363, JSTOR 20521363
- Falk, Hjalmar (1894), "Om Svipdagsmál", Arkiv för nordisk filologi (in Danish), 10: 26–82
- Gardeła, Leszek (2009), Słupecki, Leszek P.; Morawiec, Jakub (eds.), "A Biography of the Seiðr-Staffs. Towards an Archaeology of Emotions", Between Paganism and Christianity in the North, Rzeszów: Rzeszów University, pp. 190–219, ISBN 9788373384651
- Pettit, Edward (2019). "8. Lævateinn and the Maelstrom-Giantess". The Waning Sword: Conversion Imagery and Celestial Myth in 'Beowulf'. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. pp. 197–224. ISBN 978-1783748273.
- Simek, Rudolf, ed. (2007) [1993], Dictionary of Northern Mythology, translated by Angela Hall, D.S. Brewer, pp. 190–219, ISBN 0-85991-513-1
- Wanner, Kevin J. (February 2009). "Cunning Intelligence in Norse Myth: Loki, Óðinn, and the Limits of Sovereignty". History of Religions. 48 (3): 216 and n18. doi:10.1086/598231. JSTOR 10.1086/598231. S2CID 161860193.
- Zavaroni, Adolfo; Emilia, Reggio (2006). "Mead and 'Aqua Vitae': Functions of Mímir, Oðinn, Viðofnir and Svipdagr". In Langbroek, Erika; Quak, Arend; Roeleveld, Annelies; Vermeyden, Paula (eds.). Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. Vol. 61. Rodopo. pp. 65–86. ISBN 9042018593.