Koreans in South Africa form the largest Korean diaspora community on the African continent and the 29th-largest in the world, ahead of Koreans in Spain and behind Koreans in Italy.[4]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 3,300 (2014)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Johannesburg, Cape Town | |
| Languages | |
| English, Afrikaans and Korean | |
| Religion | |
| Mostly Christianity,[2] Mahayana Buddhism[3] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Korean diaspora |
History
editSouth Africa had considered importing labourers from Korea as early as 1903 to control rising mining wages, but eventually decided on Chinese workers instead.[5] The Immigration Act of 1913 classified all Asians as "prohibited immigrants", thus preventing them from settling in the country or conducting commercial activities there.[6] In 1930, when then-Minister of the Interior D. F. Malan made the decision to exclude Japanese from the "prohibited immigrants" category as defined by the 1913 Act, Koreans remained prohibited immigrants, though Jan Smuts angrily protested that the exemption represented a precedent for opening the door to Koreans and Chinese as well.[7] In fact, it came to pass as Smuts predicted: Koreans were removed from the "prohibited immigrants" category in the 1960s.[8]
However, the Korean community in South Africa only really began to take shape after the 1992 establishment of relations between South Korea and South Africa. South Korean companies began sending expatriate employees and their families to the country, and international students found themselves able to enroll in South African universities. A number of independent migrants came as well; they typically set up small businesses in the import/export, hospitality, car repair, and photography sectors.[9]
They are mainly found in the suburbs of Johannesburg.
Demography
editFrom 658 people in 1997—19% of all Koreans on the continent and little larger than the Korean community of 589 people in Ghana—their numbers doubled to 1,356 by 2001 and grew again by 155% to 3,452 in 2005, making then 44% of all Koreans in Africa and nearly five times the size of the next-largest community.[10] Most are located in Johannesburg, with a smaller community in Cape Town. South Korean tourists generally choose Cape Town as their primary destination, due to the Table Mountain and other famous natural attractions.[11] By 2011, the Korean population of South Africa had grown another 9% to 4,186. Of South Korean nationals or former nationals in the country, 126 had South African nationality, 1,227 were permanent residents, 954 were international students, and the remaining 1,879 had other types of visas. Most resided in or Gauteng (2,240 people, 54% of all Koreans in the country) or Western Cape (1,800, or 43%). The Korean communities in those two provinces exhibit differing demographic characteristics: the community in Western Cape has a higher proportion of international students, and a sex ratio of 0.75 men for every woman; the community in Gauteng has a higher proportion of permanent residents, and a sex ratio of 1.77 men for every woman.[12]
In 2010, South Korean news reports quoted South Korea's Ministry of Unification as claiming that as many as 1,000 North Korean guestworkers were in South Africa to assist in the construction of stadiums for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, including FNB Stadium (Soccer City).[13][14] However, in interviews with South African media, project managers at the sites in question denied the reports.[15]
Education
editSince the 1990s, many South Koreans have chosen South Africa as a destination for English as a Foreign Language courses.[16] As of 2011, there were 954 South Koreans in South Africa on international student visas, among them 590 in Western Cape province, and 360 in Gauteng province.[12] Not all have just gone to the major cities; for example, Potchefstroom is also one of their major destinations, due to the presence of the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University, and in some cases even whole families have moved there for their children's education.[17] There are several universities with more than 50 Korean students.[18] Aside from English, inexpensive golf lessons are another attraction for Korean international students; a 2004 Yonhap News Agency report estimated that there were roughly 50 South Korean golf students in the country.[19]
In total, more than a quarter of the Korean population in South Africa may consist of students or family members who moved to the country primarily to give their children the opportunity for an English-language education. Basic school costs are higher than those in South Korea, but conversely South Korean expatriates in South Africa can spend less on private cram schools, instead allowing their children to take advantage of a broader range of after-school activities. However, South Korean children who have gone through the more relaxed South African educational system sometimes find it difficult to adjust to the fast pace and high demands of schooling once they return to their native country.[20]
Koreans in South Africa have also established three weekend schools to educate their children in Korean language and culture. The Johannesburg Hangul School was the earliest; it was founded in March 1992 by Jeong Eun-il, who continues to serve as principal. It employed 14 teachers and enrolled 14 kindergarteners, 55 elementary school students, and 13 middle school students.[21] The next school was the Pretoria Hangul School, founded in February 1995 by Choe Jong-o; it shares facilities with the Lynnwood Dutch Reformed Church. It has 8 teachers, 13 kindergarteners, 26 elementary school students, and 7 middle school students.[22] Finally, the Cape Town Hangul School was founded in 2001 by the Mariners' Church (외항선교회). It is the smallest of the three Korean schools, but also the only one with a high school division; it enrols 9 kindergarteners, 12 elementary school students, 3 middle school students, and 6 high school students.[23] There are also some Koreans studying in Rhodes University.
Religion
editThere are eight Korean churches in South Africa, staffed by pastors sent from parent churches in South Korea. Aside from their religious functions, they often serve as community centres for Korean migrants and expatriates.[2] Most are Protestant, but a Korean Catholic Church also opened in Glenferness, Johannesburg in 2009.[24] At the end of 2006, there were 79 South Korean Christian missionary families and 16 individual South Korean missionaries in South Africa totalling 174 people, making up nearly 70% of all South Korean missionaries in southern Africa. Most South Korean churches and organisations began their activities in South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s.[25] There are also six Korean Buddhist temples in the country.[3]
Community relations
editCrime in South Africa has not left the Korean community untouched; one widely reported case was the 1999 murder of Kwon Yong-koo, the president of Daewoo Motor South Africa, in the driveway of his home in Johannesburg. He was found there in his car the following morning. However, this was suspected to be a targeted killing rather than a random carjacking attempt.[26][27] At one point, prosecutors even claimed to have evidence implicating a Zimbabwean businessman with close ties to Robert Mugabe in the killing.[28] In 2007, a Korean woman was found dead in her Cape Town home with her hands and feet bound with rope.[29] No Koreans were victimised during the May 2008 anti-immigrant violence.[30]
References
edit- ^ 2014년 재외국민 통계청자료= (in Korean), 2014, retrieved 1 May 2013
- ^ a b Oh 2008, p. 109
- ^ a b Korean Buddhist congregations in South Africa, Buddha Dharma Education Association, 2006, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ MOFAT 2009
- ^ Yap & Man 1996, p. 104
- ^ Osada 2002, pp. 37–38
- ^ Osada 2002, pp. 46, 155
- ^ Osada 2002, p. 160
- ^ Cha, Jun-yeong (7 August 2002), 아프리칸 드림, 그 애환의 현장을 가다<22>남아共(2)요하네스버그 한인사회 [The true joys and sorrows of the African Dream, #22: South Africa #2—the Korean community in Johannesburg], Segye Ilbo (in Korean), retrieved 20 April 2009
- ^ OKF 2005
- ^ 지구촌동포사회 – 남아공 [Korean communities in the global village – South Africa], YTN News (in Korean), 21 June 2007, retrieved 21 April 2009[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b MOFAT 2011, p. 305
- ^ "North Koreans working at SWC stadiums", MoneyWeb, 15 March 2010, retrieved 30 September 2010
- ^ "No N. Koreans at Soccer City", Sport24, 15 March 2010, archived from the original on 20 March 2012, retrieved 30 September 2010
- ^ "Koreans vanish into same hot air they came from", Business Report, 16 March 2010, retrieved 30 September 2010
- ^ Coetzee-Van Rooy 2008, p. 3
- ^ Coetzee-Van Rooy 2009, p. 15
- ^ Oh 2008, p. 106
- ^ Kim, Hyeong-jun (7 July 2004), "남아공으로 골프 유학 오세요/International students come to South Africa for golf lessons", YTN News, archived from the original on 24 July 2011, retrieved 21 April 2009
- ^ "South Africa Attracts More Korean School Kids", The Chosun Ilbo, 20 September 2010, retrieved 8 April 2012
- ^ NIIED 2007, 요하네스버그한글학교
- ^ NIIED 2007, 프레토리아한글학교
- ^ NIIED 2007, 케이프타운한글학교
- ^ Durbach, Dave (27 November 2009), "More Koreans Heading to South Africa", The Korea Times, retrieved 8 March 2012
- ^ Oh 2008, p. 66
- ^ Smith, Alex Duval (4 February 1999), "Car chief shot dead in Johannesburg", The Independent, retrieved 20 April 2009
- ^ 남아공서 피살 권용구씨 가족 오열 [Mr. Kwon Yong-ku killed in South Africa; family in mourning], The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean), 3 February 1999, retrieved 21 April 2009[permanent dead link]
- ^ McGreal, Chris (16 December 1999), "The motiveless murder and Napoleon of Africa", The Guardian, retrieved 21 April 2009
- ^ Park, Si-soo (3 December 2007), "Korean Woman Found Dead in South Africa", The Korea Times, retrieved 20 April 2009
- ^ Jo, Hyeon-gyeong (7 June 2008), 제노포비아 폭력 사태...사회통합의 중요성 [Incidents of xenophobic violence and the importance of societal unity], YTN News (in Korean), retrieved 21 April 2009
Sources
edit- Yap, Melanie; Man, Dianne (1996), Colour, Confusion & Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 978-962-209-424-6
- Osada, Masako (2002), Sanctions and honorary whites: diplomatic policies and economic realities in relations between Japan and South Africa, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-31877-1
- Coetzee-Van Rooy, Susan (2008), "From the Expanding to the Outer Circle: South Koreans learning English in South Africa", English Today, 24 (4): 3–10, doi:10.1017/S0266078408000333
- Oh, Kyung-Hwan (September 2008), Korean missionaries in Southern Africa: a discussion and evaluation of Korean missionary activity in Southern Africa, 1980–2006, PhD dissertation, University of Pretoria, retrieved 20 April 2009
- Coetzee-Van Rooy, Susan (2009), "Intelligibility and perceptions of English proficiency", World Englishes, 28 (1): 15–34, doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.01567.x. Assesses intelligibility to South Africans of speech data from Korean speakers of English in Potchefstroom.
Data tables and directories
edit- 아프리카, 재외동포현황, Overseas Korean Foundation, 2005, archived from the original on 12 February 2006, retrieved 20 April 2009
- "Korean Language School – Informal", Overseas Korean Educational Institutions, South Korea: National Institute for International Education Development, 2007, archived from the original on 14 November 2007, retrieved 13 May 2007
- 재외동포 다수거주 국가, 재외동포현황, Overseas Korean Foundation, 2007, archived from the original on 3 September 2007, retrieved 20 April 2009
- 재외동포현황 [Current Status of Overseas Compatriots], South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2009, archived from the original on 23 October 2010, retrieved 21 May 2009
- 재외동포 본문(지역별 상세), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 15 July 2011, retrieved 25 February 2012
Further reading
edit- Choe, Yo-han (15 August 2002), 아프리칸 드림, 그 애환의 현장을 가다<23>남아共(3)완구류 수입 케니민 사장 [The true joys and sorrows of the African Dream, #23: South Africa #3— Kenny Min, president of a toy import company], Segye Ilbo (in Korean), retrieved 20 April 2009
- Chung, Kahp-Chin (November 2005), The missionary strategy of Korean churches in South Africa, M.A. dissertation, Boston University, retrieved 20 April 2009
- Moon, In-seok; Kim, Ji-hoon (11 July 2007), "Student Corner: Samsung in South Africa", The Korea Times, retrieved 20 April 2009
- Oh, K. H. (2009), "Challenges and opportunities for Korean missionaries in Southern Africa", Hervormde Teologiese Studies, 65 (1), doi:10.4102/hts.v65i1.153, hdl:2263/11069, ISSN 0259-9422