Koda, also known as Kora, Kaora, Korali, Korati, Kore, Mudi, or Mudikora,[2] is an endangered Munda language of India and Bangladesh spoken by the Kora. The Kora mainly live in West Bengal, in the districts of Paschim Medinipur and Bankura, with a few in neighbouring Odisha and Jharkhand. In 2005, there were 1,300 speakers in the Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh, though many said that Bengali was their best language. Koda is closely related to the Kol language.
| Koda | |
|---|---|
| কোডা | |
| Native to | India, Bangladesh |
| Ethnicity | 2.5 lakh Kora |
Native speakers | 47,268 (2011 census)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cdz |
| Glottolog | koda1236 |
| ELP | Koda |
Kim et al. (2010)[3] considers Koda and Kol to be Mundari cluster languages. Koda-speaking villages include Kundang and Krishnupur in Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh, while Kol villages include Babudaing village.
Koda verbs are inflected for tense-aspect-mood and person, number, finite/infinite, subject/object, possessor, animacy and transitivity. In recent times Koda is code-mixing with Bangla: including vocabulary replacement and greater adoption of Bengali syntax. These processes are seen more in younger speakers.[4]
Shamim (2021)[5] presents a description of the phonology and morphology of Koda. It also presents a study of Koda in the context of language contact.
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Bilabial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | unaspirated | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | (pʰ) | (t̪ʰ) | (ʈʰ) | (cʰ) | (kʰ) | |||
| voiced | unaspirated | b | d̪ | ɖ | ɟ | g | ||
| aspirated | (bʱ) | (d̪ʱ) | (ɖʱ) | (ɟʱ) | (gʱ) | |||
| Fricative | ʃ | h | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||
| Approximant | l | |||||||
- The non-labial aspirated consonants (/t̪ʰ, d̪ʱ, ʈʰ, ɖʱ, cʰ, ɟʱ, kʰ, gʱ/) are found primarily in Bengali loanwords.[7]
Vowels
edit| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ |
| Open | ɑ |
Notes
edit- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ Simons, Gary F; Fennig, Charles D, eds. (2018). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (21st ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
- ^ Kim, Seung; Kim, Amy; Ahmad, Sayed; Sangma, Mridul (April 2010). The Santali Cluster in Bangladesh: A Sociolinguistic Survey (PDF) (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Report. Vol. 2010–006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ Lahiri, Bornini (2020). "Effect of Bangla on Koda verbs". Queries in Structure of Language. Central Institute of Indian Languages & Linguistic Society of India. pp. 131–137. ISBN 9788194649977. OCLC 1419790634.
- ^ Shamim 2021.
- ^ Shamim 2021, p. 52.
- ^ Shamim 2021, p. 55.
- ^ Shamim 2021, p. 46.
- ^ Shamim 2021, p. 22.
- ^ Shamim 2021, p. 50.
- ^ a b Shamim 2021, p. 47.
References
edit- Shamim, Ahmed (June 2021). A Description of the Phonology and Morphology of Koda, An Endangered Language of Bangladesh (PhD thesis). City University of New York.