Knook Castle is the site of an Iron Age univallate hillfort on Knook Down, near the village of Knook in Wiltshire, England, but largely within the civil parish of Upton Lovell. It has also been interpreted as a defensive cattle enclosure associated with nearby Romano-British settlements. It is roughly rectangular in plan with a single entrance on the south/south-east side, but with a later break in the wall on the western side.[1] The site is a scheduled monument.[2]
 | |
  Shown within Wiltshire | |
| Location | Wiltshire |
|---|---|
| Region | Southern England |
| Coordinates | 51°11′43″N 2°03′31″W / 51.1954°N 2.0585°W |
| Type | sub-rectangular univallate hillfort |
| Area | 1.75 hectares (4.3 acres) |
| History | |
| Material | Chalk |
| Periods | Iron Age |
| Site notes | |
| Archaeologists | Sir Richard Colt Hoare, William Cunnington, Petrie, Grinsell |
| Public access | footpaths |
John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–1872) described Knook Castle as follows:
Knook Castle is an ancient single ditched entrenchment, of about 2 acres; is supposed to have been originally a British village, and afterwards a Roman summer camp; and has yielded Roman coins. Traces of another ancient British village are to the N. "The site of these villages", says Sir R. Hoare, "is decidedly marked by great cavities and a black soil; and the attentive eye may easily trace out the lines of houses and the streets, or rather the hollow ways, conducting to them. Numerous tumuli and barrows are in the neighbourhood."[3]
The site and surrounding downs are easily accessible by public footpath, with the Imber Range perimeter path[4] running east to west immediately to the north of the site. Further to the north lies Imber Range, one of the military firing ranges of Salisbury Plain.
Romano British Settlements
edit
Nearby, some 300m to the north of the hillfort, and slightly further to the north east, are the sites of two Romano British settlements of Knook Down East and Knook Down West. They lie approximately 600m apart and are linked by an earlier linear ditch or hollow way.
Knook Down East covers approximately 4 ha (9.9 acres) and is well preserved around a central trackway feature that runs north to south, with 11no. surrounding scooped platforms and enclosures. Knook Down West covers approximately 11 ha (27 acres) and may comprise two distinct settlements. The northern side of the site has a central area off of which are five trackways that serve a number of enclosures. On the southern side of the site are three enclosures. Between the two areas lies a field system, with the north and south sides linked by a trackway, which follows the line of a pre-Roman linear ditch.[5][6]
Finds at the sites and the surrounding areas date predominantly from the 2nd to 4th centuries AD, and include bones, bracelets, nails, door-furniture, Roman coins, stone flooring, hearths with painted stucco and brick, and burial remains found with a basalt axe.[5]
Possible associated landscape features also include for extensive surrounding field systems, boundary earthworks, ponds, two corn-drying kilns, and the outline of a possible small amphitheatre, or circus.[5][7]
Archaeology
editExcavations at the hillfort and the surrounding areas have revealed many items from Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Romano-British periods. Most of the various finds discovered are now preserved at the Wiltshire Museum in Devizes.
Most recently in the 1950s, the archaeologist Leslie Grinsell has reviewed and indexed the site and surrounding features. Earlier excavations by Sir Richard Colt Hoare and William Cunnington in the 1800s revealed most of the various finds and interments. However, as the three-age system had not yet been introduced, they were unable to date their finds and therefore were at a disadvantage when trying to interpret them. The following table includes for details of the nearby surrounding tumuli, barrows, and other ancient features. The tumuli and barrows are referenced by Grinsells reference system which uses the original parish name. Only the Knook referenced sites are shown here although there are many other Grinsell referenced tumuli also to be found nearby which fall into the adjacent parishes of Chitterne, Codford, and Heytesbury; some of which form part of the Aston Valley Barrow Cemetery, some 2000m to the south-east of the hillfort.
| Name/reference | Location | Type | Size | NMR number | Description and finds |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knook 1 (Grinsell) | grid reference ST93694128 | Bowl barrow | 50 yd (46 m) wide by 3 ft (0.91 m) high | ST 94 SW 40 | A large bowl barrow on the flood plain of the River Wylye, now much spread out by ploughing, with the original ditches now filled and covered.[8] |
| Knook 1a (Grinsell) | grid reference ST95464431 | Bowl barrow | 15 yd (14 m) wide by 0.75 ft (0.23 m) high | ST 94 SE 19 | Originally excavated by W.F.Cunnington in 1812 and was found to contain an upturned burial urn with a broken bronze dagger.[9] |
| Knook Barrow, Knook 2 (Grinsell) |
grid reference ST95614461 | Long Barrow | 100 ft (30 m) long by 50 ft (15 m) wide by 6 ft (1.8 m) high | ST 94 SE 21 | Originally excavated by W.F.Cunnington in 1801–02. Finds included for seven or eight cremated bodies. A further four headless skeletons are thought to be of later Saxon origin.[10] |
| Knook 3 (Grinsell) | grid reference ST95604457, 30m to the west of Knook Long barrow (ST 94 SE 18). | Bowl Barrow | 12 m (39 ft) wide by 0.8 m (2.6 ft) high | ST 94 SE 20 | Originally excavated by W.F.Cunnington in the 1800s, and found to contain a cremation beneath an inverted urn with a bronze dagger.[11] |
| Knook 4 (Grinsell) | grid reference ST96564549 | Bowl Barrow | 17 yd (16 m) wide by 2.5 ft (0.76 m) high | ST 94 NE 15 | A bowl barrow with a narrow ditch and a bank. Originally excavated by Richard Colt-Hoare in 1812 and found to contain a neat cremation including for a brassbuckle and skeltal remains of a horse.[12] The Bowl Barrows referenced Knook/Chitterne 4a and 4b lie close by. |
| Knook 4a & 4b (Grinsell) | grid reference ST965455 | Bowl Barrows | No visible remains | ST 94 NE 28 | Two round barrows first noted in 1913 by M.E.Cunnington during excavation of the barrow ST 94 NE 15.[13] |
| Knook 5 (Grinsell) | grid reference ST96754625 | Long Barrow | No visible remains, destroyed 1939–45, was approx 78 ft (24 m) long by 3 ft (0.91 m) deep | ST 94 NE 18 | Originally excavated by W.F.Cunnington in 1801. A single burial and a group of three burials were found, but no finds.[14] |
| Knook 5b (Grinsell) | grid reference ST94804375 | Bowl Barrow | No visible remains | ST 94 SW 41 | Originally excavated by Richard Colt-Hoare in 1812 and found to contain a crouched inhumation and a possible cremation.[15] |
| Monument no.211561 | grid reference ST94804375 | Earthwork | ST 94 SW 42 | A roughly rectangular earthwork located on the former junction of two ridge and furrow field systems[16] | |
| Monument no.867365 | grid reference ST96334459 | Ring ditch | 45 to 50 m (148 to 164 ft) | ST 94 SE 35 | A large ring ditch to the north east of Knook Castle, possibly the amphitheatre described by Walker in association with the Romano British settlement of Knook Down West.[17] |
| Monument no.867362 | grid reference ST959447 | Neolithic flat grave | ST 94 SE 32 | Contained a crouched inhumation with a basalt axe.[18] | |
| Monument no.887361 | grid reference ST9544 | Complex of boundary earthworks | ST 94 SE 37 | Numerous ancient features including for banks and ditches.[19] | |
| Castle Barrow | grid reference ST961448 | Bowl Barrow | Originally 33 ft (10 m) wide, less than 3 ft (0.91 m) high, surrounded by a ditch 2.5 ft (0.76 m) deep. | ST 94 SE 3 | Originally excavated by the Reverend F G Waller around 1937, finds apparently included for the cremated remains of a child within a crushed urn.[19] |
| Monument no.211324 | grid reference ST975429 | Iron Age or Romano British field system | ST 94 SE 7 | Field systems and strip lynchets on Codford Down.[20] |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Knook Castle". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ Historic England. "Knook Castle hillfort and associated prehistoric and Romano-British landscape (1010207)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
- ^ Knook at visionofbritain.org.uk
- ^ Imber Range perimeter path map http://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path_map.php?path_name=Imber+Range+Perimeter+Path Archived 12 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c "English heritage pastscape entry for Knook Down east and west settlements". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Knook Down West settlement". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Knook Down east settlement". Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Knook 1". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Knook 1a". Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Knook Barrow". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Knook 3". Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Chitterne/Knook 4". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Chitterne/Knook 4a & b". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Knook 5". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Knook 5b". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Monument no.211561". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Monument no.867365". Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Monument no.867362". Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ a b "English heritage pastscape entry for Monument no.887361". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ "English heritage pastscape entry for Monument no.211324". Retrieved 21 April 2012.