Diarra, also referred to as Kingui, Diafunu, or Kaniaga, was a Soninke state in what is now northwestern Mali, centered around the town of Diarra. Founded in the 11th century, it was occasionally independent but frequently under the domination of a series of Sahelian empires until its final destruction by the Toucouleur Empire in the 19th century.
Diarra | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1054–1860 | |||||||||
| Capital | Diarra, Mali | ||||||||
| Common languages | Soninke language | ||||||||
| Religion | Traditional African Religion | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1054 | ||||||||
• Conquered by Elhadj Omar Saido Tall | 1860 | ||||||||
| Currency | Cowries | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Names
editThe kingdom has many different names, which are used in different contexts. Diarra (also spelled Jaara or Zara) is the name of the capital, and so applied to the state as a whole. Kingui is the Pulaar term for the region.[1] Kaniaga is a Soninke term for land between the upper Senegal river and the Niger bend, derived from a Malinke term which means 'north'; it is sometimes applied to Diarra, and sometimes to the Sosso Empire, as both were located to the north of the Manding region.[2][3] Diafunu (also spelled Zafunu) is a region around the upper Kolinbiné River.[4] The name means people of Dia,[5]: 81 and was the name by which the kingdom was known when it was a province of the Ghana Empire and later the Mali Empire.
History
editLocal histories recount that the Soninke first came to the area later known as Diafunu in the 7th century AD from Dia.[6] The first capital was the city of Sain Demba.[3]
Aoudaghost, a royal seat of the Ghana Empire (Wagadou), was captured by the Almoravid Empire in the second half of the 11th century,[7][8] at which time Sain Demba was supposedly destroyed and the city of Diarra was built.[3] The Mana Maga, as the kings of Diarra were known, broke away and established an independent state under the Niakhate dynasty. The kingdom became wealthy through trans-Saharan trade, controlling much of the southern parts of the former Wagadu (Ghana) Empire, and conquering Takrur.[9][10] During this period the Mana Maga extended their authority into the desert and beyond.[10]
In the early 12th century a king of Diarra passed through Marrakesh on a pilgrimage. The Arab scholar and traveller Yaqut al-Hamawi described the scene, emphasizing the relative power of the Diafunu monarch over his Almoravid host:[11]: 34
"The king of Zafun(u) is more powerful and more versed in the art of ruling than [other West African princes]. And this is the reason for which the [people of] the Veil Wearers [meaning, the Almoravids] recognize his superiority, by demonstrating to him their obedience and turning to him [in order to obtain his aid] in case of important affairs of state. One year, while going on pilgrimage to Mecca, this king arrived to the Maghreb, in the realm of the Veil Wearer al-Lamtuni, "prince of the Muslims". The latter greeted the king on foot while the king of Zafanu did not dismount from his horse [to greet him]"
Diarra came back under the sway of Wagadou by around 1150, and then the Sosso Empire and the Mali Empire beginning in the early 13th century.[10][9][3] The Niakhate dynasty, however, gained a reputation for cruelty and tyranny. In the early 15th century the last Mana Maga of the dynasty, Seriba Niakhaté, was driven out or fled Diarra for the area around Bamako, leaving power to Daman Guilé Diawara, a renowned hunter originally from Mande.[6][12] Under the new dynasty Diarra thrived as a center for the caravan trade, charting a course increasingly independent of Malian influence.[12] Daman Guilé Diawara was succeeded as king by his son Kouria Mamadou, who took the title 'Faren,' meaning 'governor,' who was followed by his son Silamaghan. After Silamaghan's death the country was divided between his sons, who frequently fought amongst each other.[6]
In 1501 the Songhai Empire conquered the Malian province of Diafunu, to the south of Diarra proper. The Fula warlord Tenguella invaded Diarra in 1511, at which point the kingdom called for help from the Songhai Empire. Umar Komajago, a brother of the Askia Mohammad I, led a powerful force on a 2-month march through the desert, then in 1512 defeated and killed Tenguella in battle. After this, Diarra likely swore fealty to the Songhai.[12]
In 1754, the Bambara kingdom of Kaarta conquered and vassalized the kingdom.[9][13]
The last monarch of Diarra, Biranté Karounga Diawara, was captured and executed by Omar Saidou Tall on May 31, 1860.[6]
References
edit- ^ Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul. Paris: Karthala. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ Fofana, Moussa (31 July 2007). "Point d'Histoire du Mali: Le Royaume de Sosso ou Khaniaga des Soninké". Soninkara. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d Niane, D. T. (1984). "Mali and the second Mandingo expansion". In Niane, D. T. (ed.). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. General History of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. p. 124. ISBN 92-3-101-710-1.
- ^ POLLET Eric, WINTER Grace, La Société Soninké (Dyahunu, Mali), Bruxelles, Editions de l’Institut de Sociologie de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1971. p. 45
- ^ Conrad, David C. (2010). Empires of medieval West Africa : Ghana, Mali, and Songhay. Internet Archive. New York : Chelsea House. ISBN 978-1-60413-164-2.
- ^ a b c d Cisse, Fodye (Oct 2007). "Traditions: Le Royaume de Diarra ou Kingui". Soninkara. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ Conrad, David; Fisher, Humphrey (1982). "The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. I. The External Arabic Sources". History in Africa. 9: 21–59. doi:10.2307/3171598. ISSN 0361-5413.
- ^ Conrad, David C.; Fisher, Humphrey J. (1983). "The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. II. The Local Oral Sources". History in Africa. 10: 53–78. doi:10.2307/3171690. ISSN 0361-5413.
- ^ a b c Delafosse, Maurice (1941). Les noirs de l'Afrique. Paris: Payot. p. 51. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ a b c Lewicki Tadeusz. Un État soudanais médiéval inconnu : le royaume de Zāfūn(u).. In: Cahiers d'études africaines, vol. 11, n°44, 1971. pp. 501-525. DOI : https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1971.2781 . www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1971_num_11_44_2781
- ^ Abney, Graham (2021). Sundiata Keita's Invention of Latin Purgatory: The West African Gold Trade's Influence on Western European Society (c. 1050–1350) (Thesis). University of New Mexico.
- ^ a b c Levtzion, Nehemiah (1977). "5 - The western Maghrib and Sudan". In Oliver, Ronald (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3: From c.1050 to c.1600. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. ISBN 9781139054577. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ Gomez, Michael A. “The Problem with Malik Sy and the Foundation of Bundu (La Question de Malik Sy et La Fondation Du Bundu).” Cahiers d’Études Africaines, vol. 25, no. 100, 1985, pp. 537–53. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4392006. Accessed 18 June 2023.