Keekyuscung (died 6 August 1763) aka Kickyuscung, Kaquehuston, Kikyuskung, Ketiuscund, Kekeuscund, or Ketiushund, was a Delaware (Lenape) chief. In the 1750s he took part in peace negotiations to end Lenape participation in the French and Indian War. In 1754 he briefly engaged in some spying and smuggled some letters into and out of Fort Duquesne for George Washington. He was sympathetic to the British for many years, but in 1763 he and his son Wolf sided with the French after a failed assassination attempt by Colonel Henry Bouquet. He is known for being one of the Native American leaders that attacked Colonel Bouquet's forces at the Battle of Bushy Run, where Keekyuscung was killed.
Keekyuscung, "Delaware George" | |
|---|---|
| Died | 6 August 1763 |
| Years active | 1753-1763 |
| Known for | Promoting peaceful coexistence with English colonists, smuggling letters for Robert Stobo and George Washington, later leading war parties during the French and Indian War |
Delaware George
editConfusingly, Christian Frederick Post refers to both Nenatcheehunt and Keekyuscung as "Delaware George," although they were two different individuals who lived in western Pennsylvania at roughly the same time. It is not always clear which of these leaders is being referred to, as both men attended many of the same meetings and events. Hugh Mercer refers to Keekyuscung as "Delaware George."[1]: 250
Early life
editNothing is known of Keekyuscung's early life. Post reports that "he was considered a great warrior, and fought with the Six Nations against the Cherokees."[2]: 251 Post says that Keekyuscung means "healer"[3]: 251 in the Unami dialect, coming from kikehwèchik.[4]
Role in peace negotiations
editIn October, 1753, Shingas, with his brother Pisquetomen, and Delaware George, met Deputy Governor Hamilton's Commissioners in a conference at Carlisle, Pennsylvania.[5]: 111
Keekyuscung and many other leaders met with George Croghan at Logstown in January, 1754.[6]: 734–35 On 31 January 1754, a signed speech addressed to the Governor of Virginia was delivered by the chiefs, the Half King, Scarouady, Newcomer, Coswentannea, Tonelaguesona, Shingas, and Delaware George. In this message they requested the construction of a fort on the Monongahela River (later the site of Fort Pitt): "...we now request, that our Brother, the Governor of Virginia may build a Strong House at the Forks of the Mohongialo, and send some of our young brethren, the warriors, to live in it...as our enemies are just at hand, and we do not know what day they may come upon us."[5]: 375
Direct peace negotiations between the British and the Ohio Indians proceeded rapidly after the appearance of Pisquetomen and Delaware George (Keekyuscung) in Teedyuscung's town of Wyoming, Pennsylvania in June 1758.[7]: 250
On 12 August 1758, Delaware George, Tamaqua and many other Wyandot, Shawnee and Twightwee chiefs met with Brigadier-General Robert Monckton at Pittsburgh to discuss the handover of white prisoners.[8]: 725–26
At a July, 1759 meeting, Tamaqua was accompanied by Delaware George (which refers here to Nenatcheehunt), Shingas, Keekyuscung, Killbuck, and Captain Pipe to the newly constructed Fort Pitt to negotiate with Colonel Hugh Mercer, George Croghan and William Trent about the release of captives held in Lenape communities.[9]: 311–12
Smuggling letters for Washington, 1754
editOn 21 June 1754 George Washington persuaded Keekyuscung (whom he refers to as Kaquehuston) to carry letters written by French deserters into Fort Duquesne, in order to encourage other French soldiers to desert. Washington also asked Nenatcheehunt "to go and take a View of the Fort."[10]
On 16 August 1754, George Croghan wrote Hamilton from his home on Aughwick Creek stating that the Half King and Scarouady, with several other Indians and their families, had been there since Washington surrendered Fort Necessity to the French on 4 July; and that Delaware George (Keekyuscung) and several other Delawares came there from Fort Duquesne. Keekyuscung had smuggled out two letters from Captain Robert Stobo, one of the hostages given to the French by Washington, who was then detained by the French at the fort. Stobo included in his letters detailed plans of the fort and information about its garrison.[11]: 4 [12]: 274 When the Governor of New France, Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville, read George Washington's captured journal, he noted that an Indian had been smuggling Stobo's letters out of the fort, and ordered the fort's commandant, Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur, to punish him:
- Find out, without attracting notice, whether that Loup [a French term for the Algonquian ethnic groups, including the Lenape] whom he says delivered the letters to the soldiers of your garrison is still at the fort, and do not fail to make him regret such a message. Examine once again the conduct of the one you called your friend, and you will see how suspicious you must be of such traitors.[13]: 3
Role in the French and Indian War
editKeekyuscung joined Shingas and Captain Jacobs on at least one raid on English settlements in November 1755, the Great Cove massacre. One eyewitness, the captive Charles Stuart, reports seeing him (Delaware George) "who had been on a Hill at a Small Distance," conversing with Shingas, and then escorting captives, horses and cattle towards Kittanning after the massacre.[14]: 60 There are no reports of Keekyuscung participating in the violence.
Travels with Christian Frederick Post, 1758
editIn July, 1758, the Moravian missionary Christian Frederick Post traveled along the Great Shamokin Path with Pisquetomen and Keekyuscung to the town of Kuskusky[15] "in order to gain information as to the situation among the Indians there, and to advise them of the peace measures."[16]: 359 On 18 August, Post wrote in his journal: "Delaware George is very active in endeavoring to establish a peace. I believe he is in earnest."[17]: 134
Keekyuscung told Post, "We alone cannot make a Peace, it would be of no signification; for as all the Indians to the Sun Rise to Sun Set are united in one body, tis necessary that the whole should join in the Peace or it can be no Peace."[7]: 253 [3]: 278 Keekyuscung later admitted to Post that, although he supported the British, he and 150 other Lenape had been persuaded by the French to join them in the assault on Loyalhanna on 12 October 1758.[2]: 251 [18]: 217
On 22 November 1758, Keekyuscung arrived to inform Post that General Forbes and his army were within fifteen miles of Fort Duquesne, and that the French had dismantled the fort and were preparing to burn it. Keekyuscung hypothesized that the French "would demolish the fort and let the English have the bare ground, saying '...We will be back early enough in the spring to destroy them [the British]. We will come with seventeen nations of Indians and a great army of French, and build a strong fort.'"[19]: 438 Finally, Keekysucung informed Post that the garrison at Fort Dusquesne consisted of eleven hundred men "almost starved with hunger," and that without the support of Indians loyal to the French, most of them would have deserted. This was a crucial piece of information for Forbes in his preparations to assault the fort.[15] On 24 November, the French abandoned the fort and withdrew.
In 1759, Pisquetomen and Keekyuscung traveled to Philadelphia. Later, upon meeting Christian Frederick Post at Wyoming, they indicated that they had come "to see some of the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania with whom we could speak ourselves, for we cannot believe all that we hear, and know not what is true and what is false."[9]: 159 Keekyuscung, referred to as "Ketiushund, one of the chief counsellors," warned Post that
- all the nations [clans] had jointly agreed to defend their hunting place at Allegheny, and suffer nobody to settle there. Tell the Governor, the General, and all the other people not to settle there. And if the English will draw back over the mountain, we will get all the other nations into the English interest. But if the English stay and settle there, all the nations will be against you. And I fear that if the English do not listen, there will be a great war, and we will never come to peace again."[9]: 173 [20]
Later life
editKeekyuscung had a son, Wolf, by a Wyandot woman.[21]: 553
In early May, 1763, Colonel Henry Bouquet sent thirteen men from Bedford, Pennsylvania, disguised as Indians, to kill Keekyuscung, but they were unsuccessful.[18]
On May 28, 1763,[22]: 285, 390 Keekyuscung, his son Wolf, and two other Indians allegedly murdered and scalped former Colonel William Clapham, his wife and child at Clapham's farm on Sewickley Creek.[23]: 84 This was reportedly done in retaliation for the destruction of a Lenape community at Great Island (Lock Haven, Pennsylvania), ordered by Clapham in November, 1756.[22]: 285 Wolf may also have been seeking revenge for having been arrested and imprisoned at Fort Pitt in 1762 on charges of horse theft. He had escaped and plotted his revenge together with his father.[20]
Death, 1763
editAt the Battle of Bushy Run on 6 August 1763, Keekyuscung and his son Wolf ambushed Colonel Henry Bouquet's forces as they were marching to relieve the besieged troops at Fort Pitt. He and Wolf knew that if Bouquet was prevented from relieving Fort Pitt, the fortress must fall or be evacuated. Standing behind a large tree, on the night of August 5 and 6, he bellowed vulgar threats against Bouquet's troops in broken English.[24]: 449 The British tricked the Indians into charging and then attacked them from the rear.[23] They killed an estimated 60 warriors, including Keekyuscung and Wolf.[25][26] In a letter to Sir William Johnson on 23 August 1763, Sir Jeffrey Amherst reported the death of Keekyuscung and his son.[27]: 546
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sylvester Stevens and Donald Kent, The Papers of Colonel Henry Bouquet, Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1940
- ^ a b Post, C. F. Two Journals of Western Tours: One, to the Neighborhood of Fort Duquesne (July-September), the Other to the Ohio (October 1758 — January 1759. Philadelphia, 1798
- ^ a b Christian Frederick Post, The journal of Christian Frederick Post, in his journey from Philadelphia to the Ohio, on a message from the government of Pennsylvania to the Delaware, Shawanese and Mingo Indians settled there, and formerly in alliance with the English. Philadelphia, 1867
- ^ The Lenape Talking Dictionary
- ^ a b Charles Augustus Hanna, The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path, Volume 1, Putnam's sons, 1911
- ^ Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, Vol V, 1745-1754, Harrisburg, Theo. Fenn & Co., 1853
- ^ a b White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
- ^ Samuel Hazard, ed., Pennsylvania Archives, vol. III, 1756. Philadelphia, Joseph Severns, 1853
- ^ a b c McConnell, Michael N., "The search for security: Indian-English relations in the Trans-Appalachian region, 1758-1763" (1983). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623738.
- ^ "Expedition to the Ohio, 1754: Narrative," Founders Online, National Archives. Original source: The Diaries of George Washington, vol. 1, 11 March 1748 – 13 November 1765, ed. Donald Jackson. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976, pp. 174–210.
- ^ Charles Augustus Hanna, The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path, Volume 2, Putnam's sons, 1911
- ^ Malcolm B. Brown, "Is It Not Our Land?" An Ethnohistory of the Susquehanna-Ohio Indian Alliance, 1701-1754," Doctoral thesis, Oklahoma State University, December, 1996
- ^ Donald H. Kent, "Contrecoeur's Copy of George Washington's Journal for 1754," Pennsylvania History, Vol XIX, January, 1952, No. 1
- ^ Beverly W. Bond, ed. "The Captivity of Charles Stuart, 1755-57," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Jun., 1926, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 58-81
- ^ a b Michael McConnell, To Risk It All: General Forbes, the Capture of Fort Duquesne, and the Course of Empire in the Ohio Country, University of Pittsburgh Press, Oct 20, 2020
- ^ Wallace, Paul A. W. Indians in Pennsylvania. DIANE Publishing Company, 2007.ISBN 1422314936
- ^ Thrapp, Dan L. Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography. A.H. Clark Company, 1988 ISBN 9780870622229
- ^ a b The Papers of Henry Bouquet, Vol VI, November 1761 — July 1765. Edited by Louis M. Waddell. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1994
- ^ Fleming, George Thornton. History of Pittsburgh and Environs: From Prehistoric Days to the Beginning of the American Revolution. Vol 1. New York: American Historical Society, Incorporated, 1922.
- ^ a b Dixon, David. Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014. ISBN 9780806145013
- ^ The Papers of Henry Bouquet, Vol III, January-November, 1759. Edited by Louis M. Waddell. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1994
- ^ a b C. Hale Sipe, The Indian Chiefs of Pennsylvania, Ziegler Printing Co., Inc. Butler, PA, 1927
- ^ a b Middleton, Richard. Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course and Consequences. Taylor & Francis, 2012.
- ^ Sipe, Chester Hale. The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania: An Account of the Indian Events, in Pennsylvania, of the French and Indian War, Pontiac's War, Lord Dunmore's War, the Revolutionary War and the Indian Uprising from 1789 to 1795; Tragedies of the Pennsylvania Frontier Based Primarily on the Penna. Archives and Colonial Records. Telegraph Press, 1931.
- ^ Bouquet's Stand at Bushy Run
- ^ Cyrus Cort, Col. Henry Bouquet and His Campaigns of 1763 and 1764, Bouquet Memorial Committee. Steinman & Hensel, printers, 1883
- ^ Brodhead, John Romeyn. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. Vol VII. Albany: Weed, Parsons, 1856.