Kapton is a polyimide film used in flexible printed circuits (flexible electronics) and space blankets, which are used on spacecraft, satellites, and various space instruments. Invented by the DuPont Corporation in the 1960s, Kapton remains stable across a wide range of temperatures, from 4 to 673 K (−269 to +400 °C). Kapton is used in electronics manufacturing, space applications, with x-ray equipment, and in 3D printing applications. Its favorable thermal properties and outgassing characteristics result in its regular use in cryogenic applications and in situations where high vacuum environments are experienced.
History
editKapton was invented by DuPont in the 1960s. Kapton remains manufactured by DuPont to this day.[1][2]
The name Kapton is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.[3]
Chemistry and variants
editKapton synthesis is an example of the use of a dianhydride in step polymerization. The intermediate polymer, known as a poly(amic acid), is soluble because of strong hydrogen bonds to the polar solvents usually employed in the reaction. The ring closure is carried out at high temperatures of 470–570 K (200–300 °C).
The chemical name for Kapton K and HN is poly (4,4'-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide). It is produced from the condensation of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4'-oxydiphenylamine (ODA).
Kapton E is a mix of two dianhydrides, PMDA and biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BPDA), and two diamines, ODA and p-phenylenediamine (PPD). The BPDA component adds greater dimensional stability and flatness in flexible circuitry applications. Kapton E offers reduced coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), reduced moisture absorption, and reduced coefficient of hygroscopic expansion (CHE) compared to Kapton H.[4]
Characteristics
editIn isolation, Kapton remains stable across a wide range of temperatures, from 4 to 673 K (−269 to +400 °C).[5][6]
The thermal conductivity of Kapton at temperatures from 0.5 to 5 Kelvin is rather high for such low temperatures, κ = 4.638×10−3 T0.5678 W·m−1·K−1.[7]
Kapton insulation ages poorly: an FAA study shows degradation in hot, humid environments[8] or in the presence of seawater. It was found to have very poor resistance to mechanical wear, mainly abrasion within cable harnesses due to aircraft movement. Many aircraft models have had to undergo extensive rewiring modifications—sometimes completely replacing all the Kapton-insulated wiring—because of short circuits caused by the faulty insulation. Kapton-wire degradation and chafing due to vibration and heat has been implicated in multiple crashes of both fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft, with loss of life.[9] The New York Times, citing a NASA OIG document, reported in 2005 that Kapton-insulated cables on the Space Shuttle "tended to break down over time, causing short circuits and, potentially, fires." The STS-93 mission saw electrical shorts on Kapton insulation disable two engine controllers and nearly cause catastrophe.[10]
Usage
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Electronics manufacturing
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Due to its large range of temperature stability and its electrical isolation ability, Kapton tape is usually used in electronic manufacturing as an insulation and protection layer on electrostatic-sensitive and fragile components. As it can sustain the temperature needed for a reflow soldering operation, its protection is available throughout the whole production process, and Kapton is often still present in the final consumer product.
Spacecraft
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The descent stage of the Apollo Lunar Module, and the bottom of the ascent stage surrounding the ascent engine, were covered in blankets of aluminized Kapton foil to provide thermal insulation. During the return journey from the Moon, Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong commented that during the launch of the Lunar Module Eagle ascent stage, he could see "Kapton and other parts of the LM staging scattering all around the area for great distances."[11]
The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory has considered Kapton as a good plastic support for solar sails because of its durability in the space environment.[12]
NASA's New Horizons spacecraft used Kapton in an innovative "Thermos bottle" insulation design to keep the craft operating between 283 and 303 K (10 and 30 °C) throughout its more than nine-year, 5-terametre (33-astronomical-unit) journey to rendezvous with the dwarf planet Pluto on 14 July 2015.[13] The main body is covered in lightweight, gold-colored, multilayered thermal insulation which holds in heat from operating electronics to keep the spacecraft warm. The thermal blanketing of 18 layers of Dacron mesh cloth sandwiched between aluminized Mylar and Kapton film also helped to protect the craft from micrometeorites.[14]
The James Webb Space Telescope sunshield is made of five Kapton E sheets coated with aluminum and doped silicon to reflect heat away from the spacecraft body.[15]
The crew aboard the International Space Station used Kapton tape to temporarily repair a slow leak in a Soyuz spacecraft attached to the Russian segment of the orbital complex in August 2018.[16] It was used again in October 2020 to temporarily seal a leak in the transfer chamber of the Zvezda Service Module of the ISS.[17]
X-rays
editKapton is also commonly used as a material for windows used with all kinds of X-ray sources (synchrotron beam-lines and X-ray tubes) and X-ray detectors. Its high mechanical and thermal stability as well as high transmittance of X-rays make it the preferred material. It is also relatively insensitive to radiation damage.[18]
3D printing
editKapton and ABS adhere to each other very well, which has led to widespread use of Kapton as a build surface for 3D printers. Kapton is laid down on a flat surface and the ABS is extruded onto the Kapton surface. The ABS part being printed will not detach from the build platform as it cools and shrinks, a common cause of print failure by warping of the part.[19] A more durable alternative is to use a polyetherimide surface.[20]
Researchers have devised a method to 3D-print polyimide material including Kapton.[21] The polyamic acid precursor to Kapton is mixed with an acrylate cross linker and photoinitiator that can form a gel when exposed to ultraviolet light during 3D printing. Subsequent heating of the 3D printed part up to 400 °C removes the sacrificial crosslinks and imidizes the part forming Kapton with a 3D printed geometry.[22]
Others
editKapton's relatively high thermal conductivity at very low temperatures, together with its good dielectric qualities and its availability as thin sheets, have made it a favorite material in cryogenics, as it provides electrical insulation at low thermal gradients.
Kapton is regularly used as an insulator in ultra-high-vacuum environments due to its low outgassing rate.[23]
Kapton-insulated electrical wiring has been widely used in civil and military aircraft because it is lighter than other insulators and has good insulating and temperature characteristics.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The Complex Material Engineering of NASA's Webb Telescope Sunshield". NASA. June 23, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
- ^ "DuPont™ Kapton® polyimide films". www.dupont.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
- ^ "Kapton Trademark". United States Patent and Trademark Office. USPTO. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ Donald J. McClure (April 20, 2010). Polyimide Film as a Vacuum Coating Substrate (PDF). 53rd SVC Technical Conference in Orlando, FL.
- ^ "DuPont Circuit & Packaging Materials Awarded U.S. Patents for Matte Black Film and Coverlay". 15 November 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
DuPont invented Kapton® polyimide film over 45 years ago
- ^ Navick, X.-F.; Carty, M.; Chapellier, M.; Chardin, G.; Goldbach, C.; Granelli, R.; Hervé, S.; Karolak, M.; Nollez, G.; Nizery, F.; Riccio, C.; Starzynski, P.; Villar, V. (2004). "Fabrication of ultra-low radioactivity detector holders for Edelweiss-II". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 520 (1–3): 189–192. Bibcode:2004NIMPA.520..189N. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.290.
- ^ Jason Lawrence, A. B. Patel and J. G. Brisson (2000). "The thermal conductivity of Kapton HN between 0.5 and 5 K". Cryogenics. 40 (3): 203–207. Bibcode:2000Cryo...40..203L. doi:10.1016/S0011-2275(00)00028-X.
- ^ FAA insulation ageing test results. DOT/FAA Tech Report AR-08/2, January 2008. Retrieved on 23 August 2013
- ^ Fatal helicopter crash caused by Kapton wiring www.military.com Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ High Tech in the 1970s, Shuttles Feel Their Age. New York Times (25 July 2005)
- ^ Apollo 11 Flight Journal – Day 6 part 4: Trans-Earth Injection. History.nasa.gov (15 March 2011). Retrieved on 2012-04-28.
- ^ Jerome L. Wright (1 January 1992). Space Sailing. Taylor & Francis US. pp. 100–. ISBN 978-2-88124-842-9. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ NASA New Horizons Pluto Mission, Mission Design Archived 8 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23 April 2015
- ^ NASA, New Horizons Mission, Thermal Control
- ^ "Sunshield Membrane Coatings". James Webb Space Telescope. Goddard Space Flight Center; NASA. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "ISS Status blog" at NASA website. Retrieved on 30 August 2018.
- ^ Neilson, Susie (19 October 2020). "Space-station crew members just found an elusive air leak by watching tea leaves float in microgravity". Business Insider.
- ^ Janez Megusar (1997). "Low temperature fast-neutron and gamma irradiation of Kapton polyimide films". Journal of Nuclear Materials. 245 (2–3): 185–190. Bibcode:1997JNuM..245..185M. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(97)00012-3.
- ^ "Bed Surfaces: Applying Kapton Tape". MatterHackers.
- ^ "Kapton or PEI? What's Better for Desktop 3D Printing?". Fabbaloo. 17 July 2017.
- ^ Hegde, Maruti; Meenakshisundaram, Viswanath; Chartrain, Nicholas; Sekhar, Susheel; Tafti, Danesh; Williams, Christopher B.; Long, Timothy E. (19 June 2017). "3D Printing All‐Aromatic Polyimides using Mask‐Projection Stereolithography: Processing the Nonprocessable". Advanced Materials. 29 (31). 1701240. Bibcode:2017AdM....2901240H. doi:10.1002/adma.201701240. PMID 28626968.
- Beau Jackson (29 August 2017). "Virginia Tech 3d Print the Unprintable in Kapton Material Study". 3D Printing Industry.
- ^ Herzberger, Jana; Meenakshisundaram, Viswanath; Williams, Christopher B.; Long, Timothy E. (4 April 2018). "3D Printing All-Aromatic Polyimides Using Stereolithographic 3D Printing of Polyamic Acid Salts". ACS Macro Letters. 7 (4): 493–497. doi:10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00126. PMID 35619348.
- ^ Peter Kittel (30 September 1998). Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Birkhäuser. pp. 1366–. ISBN 978-0-306-45807-1. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
External links
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