The Kambala, Kambla or Kambula is an annual buffalo race held in the southwestern Indian state of Karnataka. It is similar to maramadi from Kerala Traditionally, it is sponsored by local Tuluva landlords and households in the coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Bhatkal of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala, a region collectively known as Tulu Nadu.
The Kambala season generally starts in November and lasts until March. The Kambalas are organized through Kambala samithis (Kambala Associations), of which there are currently 18. Over 45 races are held annually in coastal Karnataka, including smaller remote villages such as Vandaru, Thonnase and Gulvadi.
Etymology
editKambala is derived from 'kampa-kala', where the word 'Kampa' is related slushy, muddy field. The Dravidian origin of the word Kampa is kan+pa and 'kala' means field, where it is conducted. Another interpretation of modern Kambala is derived from 'Kamba', a pole used for water spurt during race by buffalo pairs.[1]
Format
edit
Kambala is a sport.[2] The Kambala racetrack is a slushy paddy field,[3] and the buffaloes are driven by a whip-lashing farmer.[4]
Traditional Kambala was non-competitive, and the pair was run one by one. In modern Kambala, the contest generally takes place between two pairs of buffaloes. In villages such as Vandar(vandaru) in Udupi and Chordi(choradi) in Shivamogga, there is also a ritualistic aspect, as farmers race their buffaloes to give thanks to the deities for protecting them from diseases.
Historically, the winning pair of buffaloes was rewarded with coconuts and bananas. Today, winning owners earn gold and silver coins.[5] Some organising committees award an eight-gram gold coin to the winner.[6] In some competitions, cash prizes are awarded.
Decoration of Buffalo
editThe buffaloes are decorated with coloured jhūls and head-pieces made of brass and silver (sometimes bearing the emblems of the sun and moon), and ropes which make a sort of bridle. The special towel used to cover the buffalo's back is called the paavade (Tulu:ಪಾವಡೆ).
Natha Pantha
editThe kambla influenced by Natha pantha,[7] in earlier days, the Kambla starts previous day evening with tradition dance of Koraga communities mostly by men. They performing full night with following all Panchamakara madya (Alcohol), māṃsa (Meat), matsya (Fish), mudrā (Gesture), maithuna (Sexual). The Koragas were sit up through the night before the Kambla day, performing a ceremony called panikkuluni, the meaning of word sitting under the dew. They sing songs to the accompaniment of their special kind of band dudi, about their special spirit daiva Nīcha, and offer toddy and a rice-pudding boiled in a large earthen pot, which is broken so that the pudding remains as a solid mass. This pudding is called kandēl addyē, or pot pudding.[8]
Innovations
editKambala has become an organised rural sport, with elaborate planning and scheduling to accommodate competitions at different places.[9] A "Kambala Committee" arranges races in several categories describing the outfitting of the buffaloes. Typical categories are:
- Nāyer(ನಾಯೆರ್): The runner have hold kind of special plough, it is not an actual plough which is heavy and bulky made by wood or iron, it is just a representation that is tied to a pair of buffalo. This type is mostly for the junior buffaloes or entry-level buffaloes. In the competition there are junior and senior rounds in this race.
- Bal (ಹಗ್ಗ: rope), A rope is directly tied to the buffalo pair. And this is for senior buffaloes as the speed is greater here and the participating buffaloes are well experienced. Runner running aside of buffalo holding knots in the rope. This has junior and senior levels.
- Aḍḍa palāyi (ಅಡ್ಡ ಪಲಾಯಿ: cross wooden block),A cross wooden plank is tied to the pair and the runner stands on it while racing. The wooden plank horizontally placed to muddy water, the runner stands on the plank. This is just for the senior category.[10]
- Kaṇe palāyi (ಕಣೆ ಪಲಾಯಿ: round wooden block), a special made round wooden block where the runner stands on it on his single leg. There will special techniques with two holes in the block of wooden, which act like orifice, out of which the water forces out while running. The height of the water forcing out is measured to choose the winner. The more the speed is more the water height is. It would be 6 kolu or 7 Kolu there will a horizontal white cotton flag is installed so the general people judge the winner by eyewitness. Commonly it is called Nishaneg Neer Padune and this is only for senior most category.[11]
Kambala draws large rural crowds, as it has done for the last three hundred years.[12] People bet on the buffaloes, and one can witness more than 20,000 spectators in a well-organised Kambala, egging on and cheering the buffaloes to complete the race.
In some places, night races are arranged under floodlights.[6]
The buffaloes developed for the race are carefully fed and some owners have even built separate swimming pools for competing buffaloes.[13]
Thonnase Kambala
editThonnase Kambala used to be held in the month of December every year at Thonnase, Hebri taluk, Udupi district and it is called Dēvara Sampradayika Kambala as it is associated with Sri Dhoomavathi, Sri Gopalakrishna and Swami Parivara in the village.
Kadri Kambala
editKadri Kambala used to be held at Kadri, Mangalore and it is called Dēvere Kambla (God's Kambala) as it is associated with Sri Manjunatha Temple in that city.[9] This event was patronised by the Alupa kings of Mangalore, 300 years ago. For this reason, Kadri Kambala is also known as Arasu Kambala (King's Kambala).[9]
Legal status
editMany have criticised Kambala as cruel to the racing buffaloes, which are driven by whips.[14] Noted animal-rights activist Maneka Gandhi expressed concerns about the ill treatment of buffaloes during the race. While Kambala organizers contend that whips are necessary to elicit maximum speed, government officials advise the riders to be gentle on buffaloes and avoid using whips during the race.[14]
In 2014, based on lawsuits filed by animal welfare organizations, the Supreme Court of India ordered a ban on Kambala. The ban also covered Jallikattu, a sport of hands-on bull taming. A government order lifted the ban on Jallikattu in January 2017,[15] and the public asked for the ban on Kambala to be lifted, too.[16]
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Karnataka Amendment) Ordinance, 2017[17] re-legalized the Kambala festival in Karnataka.[18] Then-President of India, Pranab Mukherjee, promulgated the new law on 3 July 2017. Litigation continued but was resolved by the passage of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Karnataka Amendment) Bill, 2018, which then-President Ram Nath Kovind approved on 19 February 2018.[19]
However, after the relegalization, it was found that the buffaloes were still being whipped during the race.[20]
Schedule
edit| Town/Village | Taluk | Date of Kambala | Appx. pairs | Image | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kadri | Mangalore | December |
|
Competitive race / Much famed | |
| Vandaru | Kundapura | December | 300 |
|
Non competitive race |
| Thonnase | Hebri | December | 100 | Non competitive race | |
| Pilikula[5] | Mangalore | December/January | 150[21] |
|
Competitive race |
| Choradi | Kundapura | December | 150 | Non competitive rural sport | |
| Gulvadi | Kundapura | December | 200 | Non competitive rural sport | |
| Baradi beedu | Karkala | December | Competitive race | ||
| Venur Permuda | Belthangadi | December | |||
| Moodabidri | Mangalore | December | Competitive race | ||
| Miyar | Karkala | January | Lava Kusa Jodukere Kambala. | ||
| Katapadi beedu | Udupi | January | Competitive race | ||
| Aikala Bava | Mangalore | February | Competitive race | ||
| Adve, Nandikur | Udupi | January | Competitive race | ||
| Pajir | Bantwala | February | |||
| Yeedu | Karkala | February | |||
| Puttur | Puttur | March | |||
| Jappina Mogaru[6] | Mangalore | March[6] | 150[6] | ||
| Uppinangadi | Puttur | March | |||
| Bangadi Kolli | Belthangadi | March | |||
| Thalapady Panjala | Mangalore | March/April | |||
| Althar | Udupi | March/April | |||
| Parika Aramane | Udupi | November/December | |||
| Hokkadi goli | Bantwala | December | |||
| Handadi | Udupi | December | |||
| Vaddambettu[22] | Udupi | December[22] | |||
| Ajri[23] | Udupi | December | |||
| Mulki seeme | Mangalore | December | Competitive race |
Kambala 2023-24
editThis is the calendar for Kambala 2023-24.
| Name | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Kakyapadavu Kambala | 18 November 2023 | Kakyapadavu, Bantwala, Mangalore |
| Bengaluru Kambala | 25 November 2023 | Palace Grounds, Bengaluru |
| Moodubidire Kambala | 2 December 2023 | Moodubidire, Mangalore |
| Baaradi Kambala | 9 December 2023 | Baaradi beedu, Karkala, Udupi |
| Naringana Kambala | 17 December 2023 | Naringana, Bantwala(Near Deralakatte) |
| Mulki Arasu Kambala | 24 December 2023 | Mulki Arasu, Mangalore |
| Mangalore Kambala | 30 December 2023 | Mangalore Bangrakooluru |
| Miyaru Kambala | 6 January 2024 | Miyaru, Karkala, Udupi |
| Ballamanja Kambala | 7 January 2024 | Ballamanja |
| Hokkadigoli Kambala | 13 January 2024 | Hokkadigoli, near Venoor, Mangalore |
| Adve Kambala | 20 January 2024 | Adve Nandikooru, Padubidri, Udupi |
| Putturu Kambala | 27 January 2024 | Putturu, Mangalore |
| Aikala Kambala | 3 February 2024 | Aikala, Kinnigoli, Mangalore |
| Jeppu Kambala | 10 February 2024 | Jeppu(Jeppina Mogaru), Mangalore |
| Vamanjoor Kambala | 17 February 2024 | Vamanjoor, Mangalore |
| Katapadi Kambala | 24 February 2024 | Katapadi, Udupi |
| Bantwala Kambala | 2 March 2024 | Bantwala, Mangalore |
| Bangadi Kambala | 9 March 2024 | Bangadi, Belthangady, Mangalore |
| Venur Kambala | 16 March 2024 | Venur, Karkala, Udupi |
| Uppinangadi Kambala | 23 March 2024 | Uppinangadi, Mangalore |
| Panapila Kambala | 30 March 2024 | Panapila, Mangalore |
| Balkunje Kambala | 6 April 2024 | Balkunje, Mangalore |
| Gurupura Kambala | 13 April 2024 | Gurupura, Mangalore |
Kambala 2024-25
editCalendar for Kambala 2024-25.
See also
edit- Pacu jawi, a similar type of race held in Tanah Datar, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
- Sport in India - overview of sport
- Jallikattu - Traditional man- bullfight in Tamilnadu
- Pola race - Annual Bull racing in Maharashtra on Pola festival day
- Flying duck race (pacu itiak) in Payakumbuh, West Sumatra
- Karapan sapi, chariot-style bull racing in Madura, Indonesia
References
edit- ^ TuLunadina ShasanagaLa Sanskritika Adhyayana. By Shaila T. Verma (2002) Jnanodaya Prakashana,Bangalore, p.304.
- ^ Chaudhari, edited by Sarit K. Chaudhari, Sucheta Sen (2005). Primitive tribes in contemporary India : concept, ethnography and demography. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 120. ISBN 9788183240260.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Kadri comes alive with 'Kambala', fair". The Hindu. 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ Herzberg, Esther Grisham,Christine Ronan,editor-Roberta Dempsey (1997). South India (sb ed.). Glenview, IL: Good Year Books. p. 5. ISBN 9780673363596.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Kambala". The Hindu. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Day and night kambala in Jeppinamogaru on March 19". The Hindu. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ Tuluvara mooltāna Adi Alade Paramrapare mattu Parivartane by Dr. Indira Hegde, [Navakaranataka,Bangalore,2012,p.278]
- ^ Karavali Janapada 1990, Mangalagangothri by Dr. Purushothama Bilimale, p.36
- ^ a b c "All set for Kambala season from tomorrow". The Hindu. 5 December 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- ^ KAMBALA: THE RACE OF THE BUFFALOES, http://www.dineshmaneer.com/kambala-the-race-of-the-buffaloes/
- ^ Dinesh Maneer (7 April 2011). "Kambala, the race of the buffaloes". Wordpress. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- ^ "Kadri Kambala witnesses confluence of Tulu culture". Deccan Herald. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ "Chill-out zone for buffaloes". The Hindu. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Pilikula Nisargadhama plays host to Kambala". The Hindu. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ Ramakrishnan, T. "Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
- ^ "Jallikattu Back, Why Not Kambala, Asks Karnataka. Protests Begin". NDTV.com.
- ^ Ravi, Anusha (3 July 2017). "Kambala is now legal in Karnataka, President promulgates ordinance". Oneindia.
- ^ Kumar, Ganesh; Udayakumar, Radha (3 July 2017). "President Mukherjee approves ordinance allowing the conduct of kambala in Karnataka". India Today.
- ^ K.T. Vinobha (19 February 2018). "President approves Bill allowing Kambala in Karnataka". The Times of India.
- ^ Chethan Misquith (3 December 2017). "Buffaloes whipped again enough evidence against Kambala: PETA | Mangaluru News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ "Grandeur marks Pilikula Kambala". The Hindu. 22 December 2008. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Federation says Koraga people made to beat drums during kambala". 15 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- ^ "Ajri Kambala". Kundaprabha (weekly). 4 December 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
External links
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