The Kamasins (Russian: камасинцы, romanized: kamasintsy; Kamassian: Kaŋmažə)[1] are a collection of tribes of Samoyedic peoples in the Sayan Mountains who lived along the Kan River and Mana River in the 17th century in the southern part of today's Krasnoyarsk Krai.
Kaŋmažə | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| 2 (2021, 21) 21 (including those of ancestral descent) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Russia | |
| Languages | |
| Kamas (historically) Khakas Russian | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Samoyeds, Koibals |
In the Russian 2010 and 2021 censuses, two people identified as Kamassian and listed under the subgroup "other nationalities".[2][3] Also, 21 people, comprising 0.5% of the population of Sayansky District, are declared as Kamasins and their descendants by the district administration in the official tourist guide (2021).[4]
History
edit
The origins of the Kamasins remain obscure but it is believed that they are descended from Proto-Samoyed tribes. Around the 17th century, the Kamasins moved and settled along the Kan and Mana rivers. Later on the Kamasins were partly Turkicized.[5]
The Taiga and Steppe Kamasins
editIn the late 19th century, the Kamasins were split into two groups: the Taiga and the Steppe Kamasins,[5] each with their own distinct dialect.
The Taiga Kamasins engaged in hunting, reindeer breeding and fishing. The Taiga Kamasins spoke the Kamass dialect of Kamassian until the early 20th century.[5]
The Steppe Kamasins engaged in cattle breeding, horse breeding, farming, and hunting. They spoke the Koibal dialect of Kamassian, a Samoyedic language, until they adopted the Khakas language in the mid-19th century, which is still used today.[5][6]
Later history
editMany of the Kamasins had assimilated into the Russian peasantry by the early 20th century.[5] Other Kamasins were assimilated into the Koibal subgroup of the Khakass and underwent Turkification.[7] The Kamasins are now ethnically classified as Koibal Khakass or Russian.[5][6]
In 1989, Klavdiya Plotnikova, the last native speaker of the Kamassian language, died. She was half Kamassian.
Population
editAgo Künnap, in a 1999 essay on the Kamassian language,[8] indicates that there are no more than 50 descendants of Kamasins.
In the All-Russian population censuses of 2010[2] and 2021,[3] 2 people indicated being of Kamasin ethnicity.
The unified tourist passport of the Sayansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Krai (developed by the local administration in 2021) shows the ethnic composition of the district's population. 0.2% of the total population of 10,500 people (=21 people) are attributed to the Kamasins, the indigenous people.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Gerson, Klump (2016). Kamas (PDF). University of Tartu. p. 36.
- ^ a b https://rosstat.gov.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-02.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ a b "Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Том 5. Национальный состав и владение языками. Таблица 2. Состав группы населения «Указавшие другие ответы о национальной принадлежности»". Retrieved 4 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Администрация Саянского района. Унифицированный туристский паспорт. Саянский район Красноярского края". Retrieved 4 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union : with an appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union : an historical and statistical handbook (2nd ed.). London: KPI. p. 431. ISBN 0-7103-0188-X.
- ^ a b Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8.
- ^ Wixman, Ronald (28 July 2017). Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. Routledge (published 2017). p. 91. ISBN 978-1-315-47540-0.
- ^ Ago Künnap (1999). Kamass. München; Newcastle: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 3-89586-230-4.