The KLA's “Summer” offensive (Albanian: Ofensiva verore e UÇK-së, Serbian: Летња офанзива ОВК; romanized: Letnja ofanziva OVK) was a large scale offensive conducted by the KLA during the summer of 1998. It was fought in Kosovo between the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) against the Yugoslav Army and MUP.[3]
| KLA Summer offensive (1998) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Kosovo War | |||||||||
 KLA members in the town of Rahovec, first KLA attack on a city | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Kosovo Liberation Army |
 FR Yugoslavia | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Ismet Jashari † Agim Çelaj † Ismet Tara Fatmir Limaj Agim Shala † Zafir Berisha |
Goran Radosavljević Sreten Lukić Nebojša Pavković | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
|
121st Brigade 125th Brigade 111th Brigade 138th Brigade |
Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro Police of Serbia | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
Several brigades |
Unknown number of personnel T-55 and M-84 tanks Armored vehicles. | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown |
17 killed | ||||||||
It began when the KLA switched their tactics from hit and run operations to conventional warfare.[3] KLA forces began attacking towns and expanding their territory.[3][2] KLA forces had captured about 40% of Kosovo, and set up “Operational Zones”.[3][1] Yugoslav soldiers and policemen were attacked, leading to many casualties.[2]
Background
editFollowing World War II, Kosovo was given the status of an autonomous province within the Socialist Republic of Serbia, one of six constitutional republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[4] After the death of Yugoslavia's long-time leader Josip Broz Tito in 1980, Yugoslavia's political system began to unravel.[5] In 1989, Belgrade abolished self-rule in Kosovo, as well as Serbia's other autonomous province, Vojvodina, as part of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević's "anti-bureaucratic revolution".[6] Though inhabited predominantly by ethnic Albanians, Kosovo was of great historical and cultural significance to the Serbs.[7] Alarmed by their dwindling numbers, the province's Serbs began to fear they were being "squeezed out" by the Albanians.[8] As soon as Kosovo's autonomy was abolished, a minority government run by Serbs and Montenegrins was appointed by Milošević to oversee the province, enforced by thousands of heavily armed paramilitaries from Serbia-proper. Albanian culture was systematically repressed and hundreds of thousands of Albanians working in state-owned companies lost their jobs.[6]
In 1996, a group of Albanian nationalists calling themselves the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) began attacking the Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian: Vojska Jugoslavije; VJ) and the Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbo-Croatian: Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova; MUP) in Kosovo. Their goal was to separate the province from the rest of Yugoslavia, which following the separation of Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1991–92, became a rump federation made up of Serbia and Montenegro. At first the KLA carried out hit-and-run attacks: 31 in 1996, 55 in 1997, and 66 in January and February 1998 alone.[9] The group quickly gained popularity among young Kosovo Albanians, many of whom favoured a more aggressive approach and rejected the non-violent resistance of politician Ibrahim Rugova.[10] The organization received a significant boost in 1997, when an armed uprising in neighbouring Albania led to thousands of weapons from the Albanian Army's depots being looted. Many of these weapons ended up in the hands of the KLA.[11] The KLA also received substantial funds from its involvement in the drug trade.[12][13] The group's popularity skyrocketed after the VJ and MUP attacked the compound of KLA leader Adem Jashari in March 1998, killing him, his closest associates and most of his extended family. The attack motivated thousands of young Kosovo Albanians to join the KLA, fueling the Kosovar uprising that eventually erupted in the spring of 1998.[14]
Clashes in Belaćevac
editIn mid-June, KLA fighters were approaching the Belaćevac coal mine. Upon hearing that KLA fighters were approaching the mine, the MUP personnel stationed there fled the mine. On 22 June 1998, the KLA seized the Belaćevac coal mine near the town of Obilić.[15] This operation by the KLA would threaten energy supplies to the region.[16][17] Upon entering the mine, the militants took a number of Serb mineworkers hostage, halting production.[18][15]
Backed by armoured vehicles, artillery and a number of tanks,[19] hundreds of VJ and MUP personnel moved to recapture Belaćevac beginning on 29 June.[20] One group of militants, including Bekim Berisha soon tactically withdrew from Belaćevac,[21] while another barricaded itself inside the mine's management building and workshops.[16] By 1 July, the mine was back in Yugoslav hands.[22]
Drenica attacks
edit| Drenica attacks | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Kosovo War | |
 KLA militant in Drenica, identified as Arsim Ramadani | |
| Location | Drenica, AP Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia |
| Date | 1–31 August 1998 |
| Target | MUP police |
Attack type | hit and run operations, ambushes, raids, guerrilla warfare[23] |
| Weapons | machine guns, assault rifles, snipers, landmines, rocket propelled grenades[23] |
| Deaths | 17 policemen[24][23] |
| Perpetrator | KLA rebels |
| Motive | Albanian nationalism[23] |
In Drenica, during August, the KLA launched a series of attacks on MUP personnel.[24][23] KLA militants mined roads, booby-trapped houses, dug trenches, established checkpoints, and built bunkers.[23] Because of the geography of the Drenica region, MUP personnel were prone to attacks by KLA militants. Hit-and-run attacks were launched by the KLA, which was deadly for MUP personnel as the KLA would slip out of the area after launching attacks,> giving MUP no time to react. Throughout August, 17 MUP policemen were killed.[24][23]
References
edit- ^ a b Perritt, Henry H. (2010). Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency. University of Illinois Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780252092138.
- ^ a b c d Krieger, Heike (2001-07-12). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-521-80071-6.
- ^ a b c d "Koktsidis & Dam 2008, p. 170" (PDF).
- ^ Judah 2002, p. 34.
- ^ Judah 2002, pp. 38–39.
- ^ a b Adam LeBor (2002). Milosevic: A Biography. Yale University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-300-10317-5.
- ^ Miranda Vickers (1999). The Albanians: A Modern History. New York: I.B.Tauris. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-86064-541-9.
- ^ Jasminka Udovički; James Ridgeway (2000). Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-8223-2590-1.
- ^ Judah 2002, p. 137.
- ^ Dušan Janjić (2012). "Kosovo under the Milošević Regime". In Charles W. Ingrao; Thomas A. Emmert (eds.). Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative (2nd ed.). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-55753-617-4.
- ^ Judah 2002, pp. 127–130.
- ^ Sörensen, Jens Stilhoff (2009). State Collapse and Reconstruction in the Periphery: Political Economy, Ethnicity and Development in Yugoslavia, Serbia and Kosovo. New York City: Berghahn Books. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-84545-560-6.
- ^ Jonsson, Michael (2014). "The Kosovo Conflict: From Humanitarian Intervention to State Capture". In Cornell, Svante; Jonsson, Michael (eds.). Conflict, Crime, and the State in Postcommunist Eurasia. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-81224-565-3.
- ^ Judah 2002, p. 138-141.
- ^ a b Fred Abrahams; Elizabeth Andersen (1998). Humanitarian Law Violations in Kosovo. New York: Human Rights Watch. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-56432-194-7.
- ^ a b "New Serb offensive in Kosovo". BBC. 30 June 1998. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^ "Animals take over village that changed hands twice". The Irish Times. 2 July 1998. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^ Chris Hedges (30 June 1998). "Serbians Unleash Series of Heavy Attacks Against Albanian Separatists". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^ Rupert Cornwell (29 June 1998). "New offensive dashes ceasefire hopes". The Independent. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ Webb, Adrian (2008). The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe Since 1919. London: Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-13406-521-9.
- ^ "Serbia claims success in Belacevac offensive". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 1 July 1998. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ "Serbs re-take Kosovo mine". BBC. 1 July 1998. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g "A Week of Terror in Drenica". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ a b c Henriksen, Dag (2013). NATO's Gamble: Combining Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis, 1998-1999. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-555-7.
Sources
edit- Judah, Tim (2002). Kosovo: War and Revenge. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09725-2.