Khora Ramji Chawda (1860–1924), better known as Seth Khora Ramji, was a reputed railway contractor, coal mines owner, banker and philanthropist of the early 20th century in India, who worked from Jharia near Dhanbad.
Seth Khora Ramji Chawda | |
|---|---|
| Born | Khora Ramji Chawda 1860 |
| Died | 1924 Jharia, British India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Khoda Ramji |
| Occupations |
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| Known for |
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Life-sketch
editHe was born in the year 1860 in a small village called Sinugra in Cutch and belonged to small but enterprising KGK community.[1][2] He was one of the reputed Railway Contractors of his times and his exploits were mentioned by British authorities. He is also credited by them to be the first Indian to break monopoly of Europeans in Jharia coalfields. He established his first Colliery name Khas Jharia Colliery in 1895 and moved on to establish five more by 1910. He was also a financing partner in many coalfields of Jharia coal belt and additionally worked as a Private Banker.[2] Seth Khora Ramji and Jethabhai were all together five brothers and all were partners as HUF in the colliery and railway contract business[3][4] With his brother, Jethabhai Lira Jethwa (1862–1932) he owned Khas Jinagora Colliery, which operated under name & style of J. & K. Ramji.[2][5][6][7]
Railway Contract Works across British India
editAs per British records – a few lines are quoted[1][2] –
Seth Khora Ramji have done works of great magnitude :- Hundred Miles of Railway in Sindh & North west India. Twenty Miles of Railway lines on Southern Mahratta Railway. Twenty two miles of railway line on East Bengal Railway, loco quarters at Hubli including several bridges of great magnitude. His elder brothers were also carrying on at the same time railway works in Southern India and they also won name as successful contractors. All them joined hands in business and formed themselves in syndicate and completed works in Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway but later unfortunately he lost all brothers but one. So he was left almost single handed. Seth Khora Ramji deserved much credit for the satisfactory completion of the above works because they involve much skill and labour and many mathematical calculations. Though uneducated he grasped clearly all the principals underlying these constructions and worked all the contracts entrusted to him to the satisfaction of railway authorities. In 1900 there was a turn in his business life. Just at that time Jharia coal fields were being exploited by Europeans and Seth Khora Ramji was first Indian to seize the opportunity. He purchased two collieries to begin with. Gradually others from Kutch and Gujarat followed suite and now Jharia has been changed into a Gujarati settlement with about 50 Kutchi out of 92 Gujarati collieries proprietors with Seth Khora Ramji as head of them all. He is now sole proprietor of two collieries and a financing member of about eight collieries. Several District official have remarked him as "Multi-millionaire, one of the first class parties in Jharia."
Some of the works done by Khora Ramji Chawda of Sinugra are : 1880 : Hubli Loco Shed & other Works, 100 Miles work in NWSR, 20 Miles Work in SMR, 177 miles in 1882–84 Hotgi to Gadag with his brothers in SMR, 22 Miles Railway in East Bengal Railway and a bridge in ABR, 1888 – 128 miles in Bilaspur to Jharsuguda with fellow Mistris section including Bridge over Hasdeo River at Champa in BNR, in 1894 Jharia Branch line of EIR, 1895: Railway line in ECoSR & Bridge over Rushikulya near Ganjam. His last Railway work was in 1903: Bridge over Ganges river in Allahabad – Lucknow section 32 Miles Railway in GIPR.
Shift in career from Contractor to Miner
editWhile working for this bridge, he was harassed by Engineer-in-Charge A. B. Gale, so he decided to stop railway contracts. By this time since 1895 to 1901 he had already started two collieries in Jharia. A. B. Gale later realised his mistake and offered him contracts in other section.[2] But Khora Ramji declined the offer and diverted all his energy to coal mining business, in which he was assisted by his and his brother's son.[2] He also started a new venture as a private banker at Jharia.[2] He rose to such a height by 1920 and became Seth[nb 1] Khora Ramji from Khora Ramji that British had to mention his name in Encyclopaedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa.[8] He had studied up to fourth standard in his native village school but still managed to build railway bridges which requires technical knowledge and mathematical calculations.[2][9][8][10]
Coal Mines at Jharia coalfields belt
editKhora Ramji and Brothers established collieries at Khas Jharia, Jeenagora, Jamadoba, Balihari, Fatehpur, Gareria, Bansjora & Bagadih.[2][5][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] In Pure Jharia Colliery Khora Ramji and brothers were partners with Diwan Bahadur D.D. Thacker.[2][8] Khora Ramji was also partner in Khimji Walji & Company's Indian Jharia Colliery located at Tisra.[2][3][10] Seth Khora Ramji was also held partnership stake in Goa Petha Chawda & Co's Khas Jeenagora Colliery. The GPC & Co was partnership between Goa Petha, Seth Khora Ramji, Bishram Karman & Seth Tricumji Jiwandas, in 1930 after death of Khora Ramji, the successors sold their stake in the colliery.[2][19]
The credit of being first Indian to break the monopoly of British in Jharia Coalfields goes to Seth Khora Ramji of Sinugra. In the life sketch of Khora Ramji given in Encyclopedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa – the British have noted this fact in year 1920 – "In Jharia Coalfield he was first Indian to seize the opportunity and by his prompt entry into colliery business, he was able to remove the stigma that would otherwise be levelled against his community as backward class."[1][2][9][10] Further, details are given in the book Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa & Pawan Jethwa -Quote:
The East Indian Railway in 1894–95 extended its line from Barakar to Dhanbad via Katras and Jharia. Messrs. Khora Ramji in 1894 was working on railway lines contract of Jharia branch line and with his brother Jetha Lira. He was also building Jharia railway station. The Jharia coalfields was discovered while digging up the earth for laying this railway line. Khora Ramji while working near Jharia Railway station immediately realized the gold he had struck and purchased the lands from Raja of Jharia.
He similarly purchased about eight coal-fields from years 1895–1909. Further, he also encouraged fellow Mistri contractors to purchase the land and even financed them to do so. He later approached Raja of Jharia for lease of mining rights and laid foundation of his colliery business.[2] The location of his three collieries named Jeenagora, Khas Jherria, Gareria is mentioned also in 1917 Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar & Orissa.[11][20] As per details given in Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa & Pawan Jethwa – "Seth Khora Ramji headed the first association as mentioned by British authorities in Encyclopaedia Bengal, Bihar & Orissa (1920)."[1][2][8]
Shipping Business at Cutch State
editSeth Khora Ramji and his brothers also owned a fleet of ships based in Cutch State, which was used to deal in importing and exporting dry fruits and spices, trading from Tuna Port and Mandvi with Muscat, Mombasa, Mzizima, Zanzibar. After the death of Khora Ramji, one of his grandsons, Jivram Jeram carried on a shipping business for a couple of decades until 1945.[2][8]
Death
editPhilanthropic activities
editAs a philanthropist, in his native village Sinugra, he had built and donated a Hindu temple, wells, welcome-gate, Chabutro and a primary school, which is now named Seth Khora Ramji Prathmik Shala in the year 1910.[2][9] He also donated major fund along with some other Mistri colliery owners to start a Gujarati school named the Jharia Anglo-Gujarati School at Jharia in 1905.[2] He also owned more than 500 acres farm-lands, the produce of which was given away to poor and needy.[2] In the year 1920, when he held a large public charity event and a yagna at Sinugra. At the time of this event, Seth Khora Ramji was honoured by Maharao of Cutch, Sir Khengarji III Sawai Bahadur, who sent him a Paghdi by hands of royal messenger.[9][2] Further, at Mathura he along with Jetha Lira Jethwa of Sinugra had built and donated a Dharamashala now named Kutch Kadia Kshatriya Dharamshala in the year 1889–1900, when they were stationed there for railway contract job.[2]
Successors
editThe several mines were owned jointly as HUF by the family of 5 brothers of Seth Khora Ramji, which were divided among the family mutually after his death. Ambalal Khora also carried on father's legacy as a railway contractor, who died in a railway accident.[2]
Capcize & Fire in main mines
editHis eldest son Karamshi Khora took over the management of Khas Jharia and Golden Jharia mines. Karamshi Khora was among the dignitaries, who shared dais in historic All India Trade Union Congress meeting held at Jharia in 1928 by prominent labor leaders like Swami Viswananda and Swami Darsanananda. It was hosted by Ramjush Agarwalla and diginatories present on dais were Karamshi Khora, D. D. Thacker, Hardevdas Aagarwal, Chhaganlal Karamshi Parekh, Babu Shyam Sunder Chakravarty, Keshavji Pitambar, Diwan Chaman Lall, Madhavji Jiwan, Savitri Devi and others.[2][21]
Several after his death two of his collieries, Khas Jharia & Golden Jharia, which worked on maximum 260-foot-deep shafts,[22] collapsed due to now infamous underground fires, in which their house and bungalow also collapsed on 8 November 1930, causing 18 feet subsidence and widespread destruction.[11][23][24][25][26][27][22][2][28] The coal mines at that time were run by his sons Karamshi Khora, Ambalal Khora and others.[2][10]
New Ventures
editJivram Jeram,[2][29] who carried on his legacy of Shipping business in Cutch until in 1945 when he came to Calcutta in year 1946. He, Devram Jethabhai & others invested in fresh coal mines business. Jivram Jeram was one of the founders and director of Khas Shampore Coal Company founded in 1946 having head office at Calcutta and mines at Mohuda near Jharia.[2] It was a joint venture in which other partners were the family of Nagalpar based Dhanaji Ratanji Rathor, who owned the Diamond Coal Coampany of Tisra, Jayantilal Ojha from the noted industrialist and miner concern of Amritlal Ojha, R. K. Jaidka the transport magnate of East India and noted industrialist and politician-cum-businessman of Lahore, Rai Bahadur Lala Ram Saran Das.[2] Jivram Jeram later also purchased minerals mines of quartz, kayonit and stones at Saraikela.[2]
Jetha Lira died in 1932 and Khas Jeenagora's mine was later on run solely by his son Devram Jethabhai Jethwa until 1938–39, after which the mine was sold due to a dispute with Raja of Jharia over lease renewal. The family moved to Calcutta and established themselves as one of the largest importers and stockists of coal mining machinery and heavy duty screw pumps.[2]
Nationalization of Coal Mines in 1971
editThe business of some other coal mines in Jharia of Seth Khora Ramji were carried on by his successors, which were finally taken over by the government when the coal mines in India were nationalized in 1971–72.[2][26]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sheth was used in 18th-19th century in India for big fianacers of the town
- ^ a b c d Encyclopaedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa (1920) by British Gazetteer.-Section : People from the region Life-sketch of Seth Khora Ramji.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa & Pawan Jethwa of Calcutta (1998).
- ^ a b Khora Ramji Legal : Partner in Khimji Walji
- ^ Khora Ramji Khas Jharia Colliery : Legal Case The law reports. Indian appeals: being cases in the Privy council on appeal from the East Indies, Volume 72.
- ^ a b Indian coal statistics. India (Republic). Dept. of Mines. 1915. pp. 14, 16.
- ^ Jinagora Khas J.&K. Ramji. Jethabhai Lira
- ^ Jinagora J.&K. Ramji
- ^ a b c d e Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas : A brief History & Glory : by Raja Pawan Jethwa. (2007) Calcutta. Seth Khora Ramji & Brothers -A biosketch pp: 90-91
- ^ a b c d e Nanji Bapa ni Nondh Pothi written by Nanji Govindji Taunk and compiled by Dharsi J. Taunk (1999) (Gujarati Book)
- ^ a b c d Bhattacharjee, Subhomoy (3 April 2017). India's Coal Story: From Damodar to Zambezi. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-86446-01-5. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ a b c [1] The Jharia underground fire still raging first came to notice in November 1930 with subsidence at Seth Khora Ramji's Khas Jharia Colliery(Page 159). Page 160). The politics of labour under late colonialism:workers, unions, and the state in Chota Nagpur, 1928–1939 by Dilip Simeon.
- ^ Khora Ramji The Indian economic and social history review, Volume 13.
- ^ Report , Volume 18, Commonwealth Shipping Committee. H.M. Stationery Office. 1919. p. 265.
- ^ Khora Ramji Statistics of British India, Part 1 printed by Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1913.
- ^ Khora Ramji Indian coal statistics, Manager of Publications, 1915 – Technology & Engineering
- ^ India at a Glance: A comprehensive reference book on India by T.V. Rama Rao, G.D.Binani. Published by Orient Longmans in 1954 ( Coal Mines Section )
- ^ Indigenous Enterprise in the Indian Coal Mining Industry c.1835–1939 C.P. Simmons – Published in 1976.
- ^ Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines in India under the Indian Mines Act. India (Dominion). Dept. of Mines. 1912. p. 29.
- ^ All India Reporter. D.V. Chitaley. 1945. p. 72. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar & Orissa 1917 Khora Ramji Colliries
- ^ Congress, All-India Trade Union (1973). AITUC—fifty years: documents, Volume 1. p. 108.
- ^ a b Amin, Shahid; Linden, Marcel van der (1997). Peripheral Labour: Studies in the History of Partial Proletarianization edited by Shahid Amin, Marcel van der Linden. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780521589000.
- ^ Khora Ramji Mines capsized in 1930
- ^ Jharia Coalfields: Khora Ramji, Narayan Chowra, etc
- ^ Ambalal Khora
- ^ a b "Coking Coal Nationalisation Act of 1972 – Naming many collieries of Jharia : Khora Ramji, Gangji Dossa, Khimjee Dossa, Debram Ramji, Diamond Coal, Dhanji Devji, Chowra Construction owner of North Kujama, etc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
- ^ [2] Economic geography of India, 1970 pp 291
- ^ "Coal mining: The wheel has turned full circle". Economic Times Blog. 30 May 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ Kothari's Economic Guide and Investors' Handbook of India, 1961 pp 175