General Sir James Yorke Scarlett GCB (1 February 1799 – 6 December 1871[1]) was a British Army officer and hero of the Crimean War who led the Charge of the Heavy Brigade during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854.
Sir James Yorke Scarlett | |
|---|---|
,_British_soldier.jpg) General Sir James Yorke Scarlett | |
| Born | 1 February 1799 London, England |
| Died | 6 December 1871 (aged 72) Burnley, Lancashire, England |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom |
| Service |  British Army |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | 5th Dragoon Guards South-West District Aldershot Division |
| Battles / wars | Crimean War |
| Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath |
| Spouse(s) |
Charlotte Anne Hargreaves
(m. 1835) |
| Relations | James Scarlett, 1st Baron Abinger (father) Robert Scarlett (brother) Peter Campbell Scarlett (brother) William Anglin Scarlett (uncle) |
Early life
editThe second son of the 1st Baron Abinger, he was born in London[1] and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.[2] In 1835, he married Charlotte Anne Hargreaves, a coal heiress from Burnley, the town becoming his adopted home.[3][4]
Career
editScarlett entered the army in 1818, as a cornet in the 18th Hussars; in 1830, he became a major in the 5th Dragoon Guards,[5] whose Colonel was Sir John Slade (1762-1859). Slade served in the Peninsular War, where he was described as an officer of 'limited ability, lacking initiative and nearly useless' and 'that damned stupid fellow.'[6] Combined with Slade's age, this resulted in Scarlett's appointment as Commanding Officer of the regiment in 1840, a post he held for nearly fourteen years. In 1854 he was close to retirement after an uneventful career during which he had not seen any active service. In this he was typical of the senior ranks of the British cavalry at the time, other than those posted to India.[7]
Crimean War
editIn April 1854 Colonel Scarlett was appointed Brigadier-General of the Heavy Brigade of Cavalry, under Lord Lucan, Commander of the Cavalry Division. The 5th Dragoon Guards formed part of Scarlett's Heavy Brigade which was sent to the Black Sea in 1854. There it suffered heavily from cholera in the camps of Varna.[8][5]
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During the Battle of Balaclava on the morning of 25 October 1854, the Russians had stormed a series of hills known as the Causeway Heights beyond which lay the "Valley of Death" where the Earl of Cardigan would lead the Light Brigade in one of the great military blunders of the nineteenth century.[8]
Lord Raglan ordered that Scarlett should move eight squadrons of his brigade back to Kadikoi, to support the 93rd Highlanders defence of the British base at Balaklava. As Scarlett led his column of the Heavy Brigade across the sprawling tented camp of the Light Brigade, a Russian cavalry force of approximately 2000 was spotted just 800 yards from their left flank, at the top of the heights.[9]
The 55-year-old Scarlett quickly assembled just 300 of his Inniskillings and Scots Greys (of Waterloo fame) at the foot of the heights, organising them into parade-perfect formation, and sounded the charge. As astounded onlookers watched from the rear, Scarlett led his red-clad "Heavies" into the centre of the grey mass of Russians. His attack was soon followed by rest of the column (the remainder of the Inniskillings and the 4th, and 5th Dragoon Guards). Even the two squadrons of 1st Royal Dragoons who had remained behind to hold the Brigade's original position attacked on their own initiative. This action became known as the Charge of the Heavy Brigade and caused the enemy formation to collapse completely. The Russians were routed and retreated across the heights into the valley that shortly after would become so infamous. Although successful, it defied military doctrine of the time, as the Russians were more numerous and, more importantly, the charge was made uphill against an oncoming force.[8]
Cardigan had observed the action with his "Lights" from a short distance away, and had he used his initiative and chosen this moment to finish what Scarlett had started, the Charge of the Light Brigade might well have been remembered as a success. Later when Cardigan finally led his men into the valley, the Earl of Lucan, Scarlett and the Heavies waited in reserve. Scarlett had started to advance in the hope of salvaging something from the disaster when Lucan, fearing the complete loss of the Light Brigade, sounded the retreat.[10]
After Balaclava
editFor his services that day Scarlett was promoted major-general and in 1855 was made KCB. After a brief period of leave in England, he returned to the Crimea with the local rank of lieutenant-general to command the British cavalry. Following the Peace of Paris, Scarlett commanded the cavalry at Aldershot until 1857, was Lieutenant-Governor of Portsmouth and General Officer Commanding South West District from 1857 to 1860[1] and then Adjutant-General to the Forces from 1860 to 1865.[11] In this capacity he accompanied Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at the Royal Volunteer Review in Holyrood Park in Edinburgh on 10 August 1860 where 22,000 soldiers paraded before a crowd of over 100,000.[12]
He was made commander of the Aldershot Division, a post he held until his retirement in 1870.[11] He had been made a GCB in 1869.[5]
Politics
editFrom 1837 until 1841 he was a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Guildford.[13] In retirement Scarlett again became involved in politics, standing for election to Parliament in Burnley at the 1868 general election, but was narrowly beaten by the Liberal candidate.[14]
Later life
editScarlett died at his Bank Hall estate in Burnley, Lancashire, in December 1871, aged 72.[1] He is buried at Church of St John the Divine, Holme Chapel, Cliviger, near Burnley. An estimated 60,000 people lined the streets of the Lancashire town for his funeral procession.[4]
Character
editWhile lacking direct military experience at the outbreak of the Crimean War, Brigadier Scarlett selected his aides-de-camp from able officers who had seen active service in India, and followed their advice.[15] This was in marked contrast to other generals such as Cardigan, who for reasons of social snobbery looked down on "Indian officers".[16] Described as being brave, modest and sensible,[15] Scarlett won popularity amongst the Heavy Brigade. An officer of the Light Brigade of Cavalry commented "Good kind old fellow that he is, they are all very fond of him and will follow him anywhere".[17]
Memorials
edit
A memorial to Scarlett was installed in the Royal Garrison Church at Aldershot. It includes a marble bust of Scarlett flanked by two full-size marble cavalry troopers of his former regiments, the 18th Hussars and 5th Dragoon Guards, wearing VCs, four-bar Crimean War medals and Long Service and Good Conduct medals.[18]
The brewery tap at Burnley's Moorhouse's Brewery is named in his honour.[19]
In fiction
editScarlett appears as a character in Flashman at the Charge (1973) by George MacDonald Fraser, which includes a fictionalised version of the Charge of the Heavy Brigade. He is portrayed as an inexperienced military commander, yet none-the-less charismatic and effective.[20]
He appears in the 1968 film, The Charge of the Light Brigade. He was played by Leo Britt.
References
editCitations
- ^ a b c d "Sir James Yorke Scarlett - Lt.Governor, Portsmouth". History in Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ "Scarlett, James Yorke (SCRT816JY)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ Chapples 2006, p. 6.
- ^ a b Bill Ashworth (21 October 2004). "Scarlett's 300: Balaclava heroes". Lancashire Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Lloyd, E. M. (2004). "Slade, Sir John, first baronet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25706. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Woodham-Smith 1965, pp. 136–137.
- ^ a b c "Scarlett, Sir James Yorke". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24784. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Brighton 2005, pp. 92–93.
- ^ Brighton 2005, p. 124.
- ^ a b "Army Commands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- ^ Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh; vol. 4, ch. 37.
- ^ Craig 1989, p. 139.
- ^ Craig 1989, p. 71.
- ^ a b Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1958). The Reason Why. Penguin Publishing. p. 221. ISBN 0-14-001278-8.
- ^ Woodham-Smith, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Woodham-Smith 1965, pp. 221–222.
- ^ "Aldershot Museum". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
- ^ "Moorhouse's signals commitment with pub investment". moorhouses.co.uk. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ Fraser, George MacDonald (1974). Flashman at the charge ... Edited and arranged by George MacDonald Fraser. London: Barrie and Jenkins. ISBN 9780214668418. OCLC 752553129.
Ahead of me I could see the little knot of coloured figures, red and blue, of Scarlett and his staff; as I reined up, they were cheering and laughing, and old Scarlett waved his hat to me."
Bibliography
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Scarlett, James Yorke". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Scarlett, Sir James Yorke". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 304.
- Brighton, Terry (2005), Hell Riders: The Truth about the Charge of the Light Brigade, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-101831-7
- Chapples, Steve (2006), General Scarlett: The Burnley Hero of Balaclava, Arncliffe Press
- Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1965), The Reason Why, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-001278-8
- Craig, F. W. S. (1989) [1977], British parliamentary election results 1832–1885 (second ed.), Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services, ISBN 0-900178-26-4
