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Jacques Parisot

Jacques Parisot (15 June 1882, Nancy - 7 October 1967, Nancy) was a French doctor, who is considered one of the initiators of health and social medicine as it is conceived today, and one of the founders of World Health Organization (WHO).

Jacques Parisot
Born(1882-06-15)15 June 1882
Nancy, France
Died7 October 1967(1967-10-07) (aged 85)
Nancy, France
AwardsCommander of the Ordre des Palmes académiques
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor
Léon Bernard Foundation Prize
Scientific career
FieldsSocial medicine
Hygiene
Preventive medicine
Drug rehabilitation
InstitutionsOffice of Social Hygiene
World Health Organization
World Health Assembly
League of Nations
10th Army (France)
8th Army (France)
Thesis Blood pressure and glands with internal secretion  (1907)

Parisot came from a family of doctors and medical professionals. He achieved many distinctions in his early career, including several prizes for his research in endocrinology. During World War I, he served as a battalion doctor and was eventually promoted to doctor-consultant of the 10th army. He was recognised for his bravery and dedication, and received several awards, including the Legion of Honour.

After the war, Parisot turned his attention to preventive medicine and social action. He campaigned for the dangers of chemical warfare to be considered and was eventually appointed as a medical consultant of the 8th Army during World War II. He joined the Resistance, but was eventually captured and sent to a Neuengamme concentration camp. After the war, he continued his academic career and became the dean of the Faculty of Medicine in Nancy. Parisot campaigned for the social background of diseases, emphasizing the importance of prevention and social action. The Jacques Parisot Foundation Fellowship was awarded in his honour.

Early career

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Jacques Parisot was born on 15 June 1882 in Nancy, France to a family of a doctor. His grandfather, Victor Parisot, held the chair of the internal clinic; his great-uncle, Léon Parisot, holder of the chair of anatomy and physiology; his father, Pierre Parisot, renowned forensic doctor; his uncle, Albert Heydenreich, surgeon and dean of the Faculty of medicine. Parisot followed in their footstep as he won the Physiology Prize in 1902, Medicine Prize in 1903, and the Boarding School Prize and Bénit Prize in 1906.[1] In 1906, he was appointed head of the clinic; in 1907, he defended his thesis, Blood pressure and glands with internal secretion, for which he received the thesis prize of the faculty and the Bourceret prize of the National Academy of Medicine.[2][3]

Parisot married Marcelle Michaut in 1907, whose family was part of the Baccarat crystals. He obtained the aggregation of general medicine in 1913, when he had many publications to his credit, especially in the field of endocrinology, which was still underdeveloped.[4] The same year, he took charge of the tuberculosis of the Villemin Hospital in Nancy. More accustomed to laboratory work, Parisot Parisot became aware of the social background of diseases.[5]

Military career

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But from the early 1920s, Parisot give up basic research for preventive medicine and the social action it is oriented.[6]

Mobilised in 1914, he left as a battalion doctor, attached to the 269th infantry regiment. He progressed in the hierarchy in less than a year, assistant doctor and then major. He showed "his bravery and [...] his composure, [...] his innate sense of command and organisation, but also [...] his deeply human qualities of dedication to the wounded".[6] In July 1915, he received a new assignment, in a front ambulance and he has been proposed three times for the Legion of Honour (9 November 1914 for "beautiful driving in Lorraine and during the fighting of Izel-Les-Equerchin and Douai", renewed in January and March 1915). This award was finally given to him in April 1916.[7][3]

During the rest of the conflict, he worked on medical pathologies (freezing, nephritis). Assigned to Ambulance Z, responsible for caring for gassed soldiers to the point of being hospitalized, and he published many notes on the effects of combat gases. When the Armistice occurs, he was appointed doctor-consultant of the 10th army led by the General Mangin, a position in which he was faced with the risk of the epidemic typhus and Spanish flu.[7]

On 16 March 1921, he became an Officer of the Legion of Honor. In the interwar period, he campaigned for the dangers of the chemical war to be considered. He became a join the board of directors of the French Red Cross.[8] In 1933, he was promoted to the rank of Commander of the Legion of Honor.

Then the Second World War broke out. On 3 September 1939, he was appointed medical consultant of the 8th Army. While he is based in Alsace, he was taken prisoner at Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, where he catches severe dysentery, which led him to be declared unfit for any service. He was then sent back to his homes with the War Cross 39-45, decorated with a quote.

Parisot then joined the Resistance but was soon discovered. Alerted, he organised his escape, but worried about the consequences that his disappearance could have for his relatives and students, he gave himself, on 4 June 1944 at 4 a.m., to the Germans who came to arrest him. Questioned by the Gestapo, he wad sent to the Royallieu camp, then to the Neuengamme concentration camp. On 12 April 1945, he was part of a group of 360 prisoners who were far from the camp, and who, having arrived in Prague, discovered the collapse of the SS. He did not return to Lorraine until more than a month later, on 18 May 1945. The Minister of War immediately proposes him to be elevated to the dignity of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, a decoration given to him by the General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny in Nancy.[7]

Academic career

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At the end of the First World War, he agreed to teach general and experimental pathology at the Nancy Faculty of Medicine. In 1927, he obtained the chair of hygiene and preventive medicine. In 1949, he was unanimously appointed dean of the Faculty of Medicine, a position he held until 1955 when he retired.[9][10]

Convinced of the importance of acting on the social context to promote the treatment of certain diseases and in particular tuberculosis, which is the initial target, he actively participated in the creation, in 1920, of the Office of Social Hygiene of Meurthe-et-Moselle (OHS).[11][12] The objective of this structure is to detect and prevent diseases, thanks, in particular, to a network of dispensaries that covers the department.[13] Virtually all dispensaries are installed next to or within local hospitals, whose infrastructure they can use; they are directed by a chief physician, assisted by "visiting nurses", who benefit from a special status, an innovation in the profession: they constitute a first model on which the profession of the social worker. Serious cases are sent to the Villemin central dispensary, which acts as a sorting platform and ensures their distribution between the Villemin hospital-sanatorium, the Lay-Saint-Christophe sanatorium and the Flavigny preventorium.[14][10]

The development of the OHS continued throughout the 1920s, with the support of local partners, legacies of individuals, but also, in 1921, the Rockefeller Foundation, of which a member regrets, in a 1939 report, that the Lorraine example was not further used in France.[15] Gradually, other pathologies are taken care of: syphilis, alcoholism, infant mortality, cancer: the approach now consists in engaging "a real policy of public health thought on a territorial scale".[16][17] Under its influence, Meurthe-et-Moselle is clearly at the forefront, the first department to apply legislation on social insurance; he campaigned, from the early 1930s, for the establishment of preventive medicine services and mutual insurance for students.[7]

OHS is also innovating in terms of communication, developing campaigns of vaccination[18] — anti-tuberculosis stamp, BCG,etc. - and using the media: leaflets, posters, cinema are mobilised to disseminate prevention messages to the general public, in addition to the scientific communication provided by the journal created at the initiative of Jacques Parisot, the Review of Hygiene and Social Prophylaxis, which was published from 1922 to 1939.[19]

In 1942, he created the Commission for the Reclassification of Physical Decreases, having had the opportunity, during missions carried out as part of the International Labour Office, sequelae related to occupational accidents and disabling diseases. In particular, he met Henri Poulizac, a consulting doctor. In 1951, it was again with him that he created a tripartite commission that brought together the Faculty of Medicine, the Regional Social Security Fund and the Regional Hospital Center, to study the opportunity to develop a traumatology. This project, discussed, finally led, on 28 November 1952, to the idea of an Institute for Social and Vocational Rehabilitation of the physically disabled.[20] On 27 April 1953, the tripartite agreement creating the Rehabilitation Institute - which became in 1957 the Regional Institute of functional, professional and social rehabilitation of the northeast - is signed. Professor Louis Pierquin is the director, and Dr. Henri Poulizac is the technical director.[21] He is quoted, with Robert Buron, Alfred Rosier, Eugène Aujaleu, André Trannoy, Suzanne Fouché and Robert Debré, as one of the seven key people in the development of physical medicine and rehabilitation in France.[22]

The results obtained earned him national and international recognition. Interested in the work of the Organisation for Hygiene of the League of Nations, he became a member of the French delegation in 1929, then, in 1937, took over the head of the organisation.[23] This naturally led him to participate, in 1945-1946, in the creation of the World Health Organization (he is, for France, the signatory to the constitution of the organisation).[24][25] In 1951, he was elected President of the WHO Executive Council, then, in 1956, of the World Health Assembly.[26][27][28]

He was elevated to the ultimate dignity of Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor on 3 March 1953,[29] and awarded the Léon Bernard Foundation Prize in 1954.[30][31]

Parisot have contributed to the implementation of the National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) in 1963 - an organisation he chaired for a few years - but also the French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS).[32]

Death and legacy

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Parisot died on 7 October 1967 in Nancy.

His career earned him to be elevated to the dignity of Commander of the Ordre des Palmes académiques. Among the interventions presented on 14 February 1968, on the occasion of the solemn ceremony in memory of Jacques Parisot, in the Grand Amphitheatre of the Sorbonne, that of the general practitioner Raymond Debenedetti, member of the National Academy of Medicine and then President of the French Red Cross, entitled The Patriot,[6] traces the journey of a courageous and patriotic soldier during the two conflicts of the 20th century. This section is written in particular from this text.

In 1969, his widow created the Jacques Parisot Foundation, which awarded a fellowship, on the proposal of the WHO regional committees. The awarding of the scholarship and a medal takes place at the World Health Assembly.[33][34] However, the award was discontinued in 2015.[35][36]

Selected publications

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  • Jacques Parisot, Endocrine glands and their functional value; exploration and diagnostic methods, G. Doin, 1923
  • Jacques Parisot, Healing is good, preventing is better: The effort made in social hygiene and medicine in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, Éditions de la "Revue d'hygiène et de prophylaxis sociales", 1925
  • Jacques Parisot and Pierre Simonin, Vaccines and the practice of vaccine therapy, Maloine, 1925
  • Jacques Parisot, The organization of the tuberculosis control in the departmental framework. Its realization in Meurthe-et-Moselle, Berger Levrault, 1928
  • Jacques Parisot and A. Ardisson, Protection against Aerochemical Danger, Military Injured Relief Society, 1932
  • Jacques Parisot, The development of hygiene in France: General overview, Impr. G. Thomas, 1933
  • Jacques Parisot, The national equipment project and social insurance, Berger-Levault, 1934
  • Jacques Parisot, Training for health education, Health Education Journal, 1958

References

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  1. ^ "Doyen Jacques PARISOT - Professeur de la Faculté de Médecine de Nancy". www.professeurs-medecine-nancy.fr. Archived from the original on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  2. ^ "Le Républicain lorrain" (PDF). 17 December 1908. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-04. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  3. ^ a b Bernard, E. (1968-03-01). "Obituary: Jacques Parisot (1882-1967)". Revue de Tuberculose et de Pneumologie. 32 (2): 313–315. ISSN 0035-1792. PMID 4907862. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  4. ^ Étienne Thévenin, « Autour de la médecine préventive. Jacques Parisot et l'Office d'hygiène sociale de Meurthe-et-Moselle des années 1920 aux années 1960 », dans Anne-Marie Flambard Héricher, Yannick Marec « Médecine et société » Cahier du GRHis No. 16, PURH, 2005, p. 135.
  5. ^ "Jacques Parisot - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine". collections.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  6. ^ a b c "Doyen Jacques PARISOT - Ensemble de textes - cérémonie à la Sorbonne". www.professeurs-medecine-nancy.fr. Archived from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  7. ^ a b c d Murard, Lion (2008). "Social medicine in the interwar years. The case of Jacques Parisot (1882-1967)". Medicina Nei Secoli. 20 (3): 871–890. ISSN 0394-9001. PMID 19848221. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  8. ^ "Urges Safety Plans Against Air Attack – French Expert Wants Population Taught How to Guard Against Gas". The New York Times. 1931-10-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  9. ^ Parisot, Jacques (1958). "Raining for Health Education". Health Education Journal. 16 (2): 59–62. doi:10.1177/001789695801600202. S2CID 72393648. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  10. ^ a b "Scientific Notes and News". Science. 86 (2221): 76–79. 1937. doi:10.1126/science.86.2221.76.b. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1663808. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  11. ^ Présentation de l'OHS Archived 2015-02-04 at the Wayback Machine aujourd'hui sur le site du Centre communal d'action sociale de la ville de Nancy.
  12. ^ "Bainville-sur-Madon. La gestion de la crise du coronavirus au centre Jacques Parisot". www.estrepublicain.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  13. ^ Op. cit., Étienne Thévenin, p. 139.
  14. ^ International Health Conference: New York, N.Y., 19 June to 22 July 1946 : Report of the United States Delegation Including the Final Act and Related Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1947. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  15. ^ Jean-François Picard, Vincent Viet, « Quelques jalons pour une histoire de la santé publique en France du XIXe siècle à nos jours » 12/2014, papier de recherche. Consultable en ligne Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine sur le site histrecmed.fr.
  16. ^ Op. cit., Étienne Thévenin, p. 146.
  17. ^ "Societies and Academies". Nature. 90 (2241): 183–184. 1912-10-01. Bibcode:1912Natur..90..183.. doi:10.1038/090183a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 216389. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  18. ^ Op. cit., Étienne Thévenin, p. 143.
  19. ^ Anne Boyer, Alina Cantau « Regards sur quelques journaux éphémères d’hygiène du XIXe siècle conservés à la Bibliothèque nationale de France » Histoire des sciences médicales, 2010, tome XLIV, No. 3, p. 286. Consultable en ligne Archived 2022-03-20 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ^ Porter, Dorothy (2005-08-10). Health, Civilization and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-63717-1. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  21. ^ De l'institut de réhabilitation des diminués physiques à l'institut régional de réadaptation, ouvrage publié à l'occasion du cinquantenaire de l'Institut régional de réadaptation de Nancy, 2004. Consultable en ligne Archived 2015-02-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ^ Mémoire de Master 2 : Santé, Population, Politiques Sociales, EHESS de Marie-Odile Frattini, September 2008, p. 52- 55. Consultable en ligne Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ^ Borowy, Iris (2009). Coming to Terms with World Health: The League of Nations Health Organisation 1921-1946. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-58687-7. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  24. ^ Mention de Jacques Parisot Archived 2017-02-23 at the Wayback Machine et de son rôle dans la création de l'organisation, sur le site de l'OMS.
  25. ^ Cueto, Marcos; Brown, Theodore M.; Fee, Elizabeth (2019-04-11). The World Health Organization: A History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48357-5. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  26. ^ Vichniac, Isabelle (1956-06-01). "" Toute économie nationale a pour base l'économie humaine ", nous déclare le professeur Parisot, président de l'Assemblée mondiale de la santé". Le Monde diplomatique (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  27. ^ Public Health Reports. The Service. 1958. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  28. ^ "Le Professeur Jacques Parisot élu président de l'Assemblée mondiale de la santé". Le Monde.fr (in French). 1956-05-10. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  29. ^ "Ministère de la culture - Base Léonore". www2.culture.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  30. ^ "The Léon Bernard Foundation Prize – Previous prize winners". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 8 July 2004. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  31. ^ "Le prix Léon Bernard est attribué au professeur Jacques Parisot". Le Monde.fr (in French). 1954-05-08. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  32. ^ Op. cit., Étienne Thévenin, p. 149.
  33. ^ La présentation de la Fondation et de la bourse Jacques Parisot Archived 2017-02-23 at the Wayback Machine sur le site de l'OMS.
  34. ^ "Jacques Parisot Foundation". 1969. hdl:10665/144548. Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  35. ^ "Kingston Gleaner Newspaper Archives, 20 March 1980, p. 14". Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  36. ^ "Jacques Parisot Foundation Fellowship". WHO. Archived from the original on 2022-12-01. Retrieved 2022-12-01.

Further reading

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  • Tribute to Professor Jacques Parisot, University of Nancy, 1957, 61 p.
  • Dean Jacques Parisot (1882-1967), Éditions Nouvelles et Impressions, 1968, 78 p.
  • Véronique Gabrion-Flaus, Dean Jacques Parisot: his life, his work in social medicine, 1994 (medical thesis).
  • Étienne Thévenin, Jacques Parisot (1882-1967): A creator of health and social action, Nancy, Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 2002, 268 p.(ISBN 978-2-8143-0010-1) (reissue 2010).
  • Lion Murard, Social medicine in the interwar years. The case of Jacques Parisot (1882-1967), Medicina nei secoli 2008 20(3):871-90
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