Wikipedia

Ivor Maxse

General Sir Frederick Ivor Maxse, KCB CVO DSO DL (22 December 1862 – 28 January 1958) was a senior British Army officer who fought during the First World War, best known for his innovative and effective training methods.[2]

Sir Ivor Maxse
Birth nameFrederick Ivor Maxse
Born22 December 1862
London, England[1]
Died28 January 1958(1958-01-28) (aged 95)
Midhurst, Sussex, England
Allegiance United Kingdom
Service / branch British Army
Years of service1882−1926
RankGeneral
UnitRoyal Fusiliers
Coldstream Guards
Commands1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards
1st (Guards) Brigade
18th (Eastern) Division
XVIII Corps
IX Corps
Northern Command
Battles / wars
AwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the Bath
Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Distinguished Service Order
Mentioned in Dispatches
EducationRugby School
Alma materRoyal Military Academy, Sandhurst
Spouse
Mary Caroline Wyndham
​
​
(m. 1899)​
Children3
Parents
RelativesViolet Maxse (sister)
Leopold Maxse (brother)
Henry Berkeley Fitzhardinge Maxse (uncle)
Henry Wyndham (father-in-law)

Early life

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Ivor Maxse was the eldest of four children born to Admiral Frederick Maxse and Cecilia Steel. His siblings were Olive Hermione Maxse, and editors Violet Milner, Viscountess Milner, and Leopold Maxse. His maternal grandmother was Lady Caroline FitzHardinge, daughter of Frederick Berkeley, 5th Earl of Berkeley.[2] He was a nephew of Sir Henry Berkeley Fitzhardinge Maxse[3]

He was educated at Mr. Lake's Preparatory School in Caterham, Surrey from 1875 to 1877; Rugby School from 1877 to 1880 and Royal Military College, Sandhurst from 1881 to 1882.[4][5]

Early military career

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Maxse was commissioned as a subaltern, with the rank of lieutenant, into the Royal Fusiliers in September 1882.[6][7][8]

He transferred to the Coldstream Guards in 1891,[9] and served in the Egyptian Army where he was present at the Battle of Atbara and the Battle of Omdurman. In November 1899 he was in command of the 13th Sudanese Battalion during the operations leading to the defeat of the Khalifa at the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat, and received a mention in despatches 25 November 1899.[10] In recognition of his service in the Sudan, he also received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel, on 14 March 1900.[11]

Maxse then served in the Second Boer War (1899-1901), in the rank of lieutenant colonel, as a staff officer in the transport department in South Africa.[12] [13]

Promoted to substantive lieutenant colonel in November 1903, he succeeded Arthur Henniker-Major as commanding officer (CO) of the 1st Battalion of the Coldstream Guards,[14] commanding it from 1903 to 1907.[6][15]

In August 1910 he was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier general and took command of the 1st (Guards) Brigade from Brigadier General Francis Davies.[6][16][17]

Family life

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In 1899 Maxse married Hon. Mary Caroline Wyndham, daughter of Henry Wyndham, 2nd Baron Leconfield of Petworth House, West Sussex. The couple had three children: John, Frederick and Violet.

First World War

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Division commander

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In the First World War, Maxse served initially as commander of his brigade in the opening weeks of the war before being recalled to the United Kingdom to take over the new 18th (Eastern) Division,[18] being promoted to major general in late August.[19]

He led the 18th Division[6] when it took all its objectives on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. He achieved this in part by hiding the division in no man's land before the battle was joined and having them closely follow the creeping barrage towards the German line. They were "probably the best fighting division possessed by the British Army in September 1916", recruited from volunteers from London and the south-east.[20]

Corps commander

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In January 1917, Maxse, made a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath,[21] was promoted to temporary lieutenant-general[22] and given command of XVIII Corps,[6] which he commanded during the Battle of Passchendaele later in the year.

 
Lieutenant General Ivor Maxse, the GOC of the 18th Corps, presenting medals to men of the 152nd (1st Highland) Brigade, 51st Division at St. Jans-Ter-Brizen, 21 August 1917.

Maxse's XVIII Corps also took part in Fifth Army's defence against the German Spring Offensive, beginning on 21 March 1918. At 10.45am on 22 March Gough issued written orders to corps commanders to retreat, if heavily attacked, to the forward line ("the Green Line" in front of the Somme – in practice little more than a line of signposts and wire) of the Rear Zone. Fifth Army staff also informed corps commanders of the impending French reinforcement and Gough's hopes to withdraw III Corps to form a reserve. On receiving these messages at around noon, Maxse ordered XVIII Corps to withdraw immediately, without cover of artillery fire, and they fell back behind the Somme altogether that evening. Gough attempted to halt Maxse's withdrawal when he heard of it, but it was too late. Watts XIX Corps on Maxse's left also had to fall back.[23]

By 24 March reinforcements – Robillot's II French Cavalry Corps (whose formations were in fact mainly infantry) — were beginning to take their place in Maxse's line. Maxse was able to hold on with the help of a counterattack by "Harman's Detachment": remnants of 2nd and 3rd Cavalry Divisions, 600 assorted infantry under a Royal Horse Artillery Officer and 8 Lewis Gun detachments from a Royal Engineer balloon Company.[24]

Fifth Army planned a counterattack by four British brigades and 22nd French Division against a bridgehead which the Germans had made over the Somme at Pargny (threatening a breach between Watts' and Maxse's Corps).[25] The planned counterattack did not take place as General Robillot refused to cooperate, despite a personal visit from Maxse on the morning of 25 March.[26]

On 26 March Maxse was maintaining his place in the line, despite pressure from the French to join them in retreating south-westwards. A messenger, Paul Maze, had to be sent to the headquarters of the French General Humbert, with orders to get back XVIII Corps artillery which had been lent temporarily to the French, with orders not to leave until he had obtained written orders for its return.[27]

Inspector General of Training

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Maxse's speciality was training and he was moved from field command in June 1918, to become Inspector General of Training to the British Armies in France and the UK,[6][28] to impose uniformity of training in preparing men for the combination of assault and open warfare that was to characterise the Hundred Days Offensive. Haig had him to dinner at the start of his appointment. Amongst other reforms, in September he increased the size of platoons from 3 sections back to 4 (2 of them equipped with Lewis guns), reversing a decision made in June.[29]

Later military career

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At the end of the war Maxse was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant-general in January 1919[30] and became GOC IX Corps, serving as part of the British Army of the Rhine, in Germany.[6] He went on to be general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C) of Northern Command from June 1919, when he took over from General Sir John Maxwell,[31] until 1923. He retired from the army in 1926.[4]

He held the post of Colonel of the Middlesex Regiment from 1921 to 1932.

Views on the Germans

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During the negotiations for an armistice with Germany, Maxse claimed in a letter that:

The Hun is only wishful for peace in order to recover military power and be ready to launch a more successful attack at some opportune moment in the dim future. His heart is by no means altered. That is his nature. Recognise it. It is no use blaming him for his natural temperament, but it is wicked not to recognize what it is. His history during four wars proves it – i.e. 1864, 1866, 1870, 1914 – covering altogether a period of 64 years, two generations! He had but one objective and said so – world power...To prevent it we must crush and humiliate his Army which means his motive...let no sentimental gush be expended on the dirty Hun.[32]

After the war Maxse was still concerned with what he perceived to be the dangerous potential of Germany. Presciently, he wrote in January 1919: "They are incapable of fighting but I am still more convinced that they will quickly recover – say in ten years? And that when they do recover they will be just the same Huns as they have been, with the result that they will revert to militarism which is the only thing they do really understand".[33] Maxse provoked controversy when he gave a speech in November to the annual dinner of the York Gimcrack Club in which he said of the scheme for a League of Nations: "For myself, I don't understand it, and I prefer a League of Tanks to a League of Nations".[33]

Later life

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Maxse retired to Sussex and in 1936 he decided to establish a fruit-growing company, in Little Bognor, Fittleworth, near Petworth: the Maxey Fruit Company. The business thrived and continued even after his death, ending only in 1968.[34]

Maxse suffered a stroke in 1956 and became incapacitated. He moved to a nursing home in Pendean, West Lavington in Sussex, where lived the last two years of his life.[4] He died in 1958: described as an "atheist", he was nevertheless buried at St Mary's Church, Fittleworth, West Sussex.[35][36]

Legacy

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In his memoirs, Basil Liddell Hart described Maxse as:

...short and dark, with a sallow complexion, small deep-set eyes, and a long drooping moustache, which gave him the look of a Tartar chief—all the more because the descriptive term 'a Tartar' so aptly fitted his manner in dealing with lazy or inefficient seniors and subordinates. … Maxse seized the salient points of any idea with lightning quickness, although occasionally misjudging some point because of too hasty examination. His fierce manner concealed a very warm heart, and he particularly liked people who showed that they were not afraid of him. He was always ready to encourage and make use of new ideas.[4]

The military historian Correlli Barnett said Maxse was "One of the ablest officers of his generation, a man of originality and drive, and a formidable personality".[4]

Notes

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  1. ^ 1911 England Census
  2. ^ a b "Obituary: Gen. Sir Ivor Maxse – Great Trainer of Troops". The Times. 29 January 1958. p. 10.
  3. ^ Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. pp. 351–352. ISBN 0-9711966-2-1.
  4. ^ a b c d e Correlli Barnett, ‘Maxse, Sir (Frederick) Ivor (1862–1958)’, rev. Roger T. Stearn, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2008, accessed 5 June 2011.
  5. ^ Baynes 1995, pp. 5–12.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Ivor Maxse". Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. Archived from the original on 31 July 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  7. ^ "No. 25145". The London Gazette. 8 September 1882. p. 4177.
  8. ^ Baynes 1995, p. 19.
  9. ^ Baynes 1995, p. 31.
  10. ^ "No. 27159". The London Gazette. 30 January 1900. pp. 597–600.
  11. ^ "No. 27173". The London Gazette. 13 March 1900. p. 1710.
  12. ^ "No. 27282". The London Gazette. 8 February 1901. p. 845.
  13. ^ Baynes 1995, pp. 76–90.
  14. ^ "No. 27624". The London Gazette. 8 December 1903. p. 8115.
  15. ^ Baynes 1995, pp. 95–98.
  16. ^ Baynes 1995, pp. 100–107.
  17. ^ "No. 28404". The London Gazette. 5 August 1910. p. 5669.
  18. ^ "No. 28930". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 October 1914. p. 8017.
  19. ^ "No. 28881". The London Gazette. 28 August 1914. p. 6798.
  20. ^ Jonathan Nicholls, Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras 1917 (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 12.
  21. ^ "No. 29886". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1916. p. 2.
  22. ^ "No. 29996". The London Gazette. 23 March 1917. p. 2862.
  23. ^ Farrar-Hockley 1975, p285-8
  24. ^ Farrar-Hockley 1975, p295-7
  25. ^ Farrar-Hockley 1975, p297
  26. ^ Farrar-Hockley 1975, p300-1
  27. ^ Farrar-Hockley 1975, p302-3
  28. ^ "X Committee Minutes, CAB 23-17, pg. 86 of 206" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  29. ^ Sheffield 2011, p.287
  30. ^ "No. 31092". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1918. p. 13.
  31. ^ "No. 31557". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 September 1919. p. 11670.
  32. ^ Baynes 1995, p. 216.
  33. ^ a b Baynes 1995, p. 222.
  34. ^ "Accounts of Maxey Fruit Co".
  35. ^ Kitchen, James E. (16 January 2014). The British Imperial Army in the Middle East: Morale and Military Identity in the Sinai and Palestine Campaigns, 1916-18. A&C Black. ISBN 9781472511317.
  36. ^ Snape, Michael (7 May 2007). God and the British Soldier: Religion and the British Army in the First and Second World Wars. Routledge. ISBN 9781134643417.

References

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Military offices
Preceded by
New post
 GOC 18th (Eastern) Division
1914–1917 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
New post
 GOC XVIII Corps
1917–1918 		Succeeded by
Preceded by GOC-in-C Northern Command
1919–1923 		Succeeded by
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