An imperforate hymen is a congenital disorder where a hymen without an opening completely obstructs the vagina. It is caused by a failure of the hymen to perforate during fetal development. It is most often diagnosed in adolescent girls when menstrual blood accumulates in the vagina and sometimes also in the uterus. It is treated by surgical incision of the hymen.
| Imperforate hymen | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Gynecology |
Signs and symptoms
editAffected newborns may present with acute urinary retention.[1] In adolescent females, the most common symptoms of an imperforate hymen are cyclic pelvic pain and amenorrhea; other symptoms associated with hematocolpos include urinary retention, constipation, low back pain, nausea, and diarrhea.[2] Other vaginal anomalies can have similar symptoms to an imperforate hymen. Vaginal atresia and a transverse vaginal septum require differentiation.[3] A strong urge to defecate has been observed in a few women.[4]
Complications
editIf untreated or unrecognized before puberty, an imperforate hymen can lead to peritonitis or endometriosis due to retrograde bleeding. Additionally, it can lead to mucometrocolpos (dilatation of the vaginal canal and uterus due to mucus buildup) or hematometrocolpos (dilatation due to buildup of menstrual fluid). Mucometrocolpos and hematocolpos can in turn cause urinary retention, constipation, and urinary tract infection.[1]
Pathophysiology
editAn imperforate hymen is formed during fetal development when the sinovaginal bulbs fail to canalize with the rest of the vagina.[5] Although some instances of familial occurrence have been reported, the condition's occurrence is mostly sporadic, and no genetic markers or mutations have been linked to its cause.[6]
Diagnosis
editAn imperforate hymen is most often diagnosed in adolescent girls after the age of menarche with otherwise normal development.[7] In adolescent girls of menarcheal age, the typical presentation of the condition is amennorhea and cyclic pelvic pain, indicative of hematocolpos secondary to vaginal obstruction. An imperforate hymen is usually visible on vaginal inspection as a bulging blue membrane.[7] If hematocolpos is present, a mass is often palpable on abdominal or rectal examination. The diagnosis of an imperforate hymen is usually made based purely on the physical exam, although if necessary the diagnosis can be confirmed by transabdominal, transperineal or transrectal ultrasound.[2]
An imperforate hymen can also be diagnosed in newborn babies and it is occasionally detected on ultrasound scans of the foetus during pregnancy.[7] In newborns the diagnosis is based on the findings of an abdominal or pelvic mass or a bulging hymen.[7] Examination of the normal neonatal vagina usually reveals a track of mucus at the posterior commissure of the labia majora; an absence of mucus may indicate an imperforate hymen or another vaginal obstruction.[1]
A similar condition, cribriform hymen, is diagnosed when the hymen contains many minute openings.[8]
Management
editBefore surgical intervention in adolescents, symptoms can be relieved by the combined oral contraceptive pill taken continuously to suppress the menstrual cycle or NSAIDs to relieve pain.[9] Surgical treatment of the imperforate hymen by hymenotomy typically involves making cruciate incisions of the hymen, excising segments of hymen from their bases, and draining the vaginal canal and uterus.[10][11] For affected girls who wish (or whose parents wish) to have their hymens preserved, surgical techniques to excise of a central flange of the hymen can be used.[12] The timing of surgical hymen repair is controversial: some doctors believe it is best to intervene immediately after the neonatal period, while others believe that surgical repair should be delayed until puberty, when estrogenization is complete.[13]
Epidemiology
editImperforate hymen is the most common vaginal obstruction of congenital origin.[1] Estimates of the frequency of imperforate hymen vary from 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 10,000 females.[14][15]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Kaiser, Georges L. (2012). Symptoms and Signs in Pediatric Surgery. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 556. ISBN 9783642311611.
- ^ a b Lacy, Judith (2008). "Imperforate hymen". The 5-minute Obstetrics and Gynecology Consult. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9780781769426.
- ^ Acién, Pedro; Acién, Maribel (2016-01-01). "The presentation and management of complex female genital malformations". Human Reproduction Update. 22 (1): 48–69. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv048. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 26537987.
- ^ Mwenda, Aruyaru Stanley (2013). "Imperforate Hymen - a care cause of acute abdominal pain and tenesmus: case report and review of the literature". Pan African Medical Journal. 15: 28. doi:10.11604/pamj.2013.15.28.2251. PMC 3758851. PMID 24009804.
- ^ Paula J. Adams Hillard (June 12, 2013). "Imperforate Hymen: Pathophysiology". eMedicine. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
- ^ Lardenoije, Céline; Aardenburg, Robert; Mertens, Helen; Mertens, H (2009). "Imperforate hymen: a cause of abdominal pain in female adolescents". BMJ Case Reports. 2009: bcr0820080722. doi:10.1136/bcr.08.2008.0722. PMC 3029536. PMID 21686660.
- ^ a b c d Puri, Prem; Höllwarth, Michael E. (2009). Pediatric Surgery: Diagnosis and Management. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 969. ISBN 9783540695608.
- ^ Sharma, R. K. (2007). Concise Textbook Of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. Elsevier. p. 117. ISBN 9788131211458.
- ^ Adams Hillard, Paula J. (June 12, 2013). "Imperforate Hymen Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy". eMedicine. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
- ^ Wilkinson, Edward J. (2012). Wilkinson and Stone Atlas of Vulvar Disease (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 187–188. ISBN 9781451132182.
- ^ Goel, Neerja; Rajaram, Shalini; Mehta, Sumita (2013). State-of-the-art : vaginal surgery (2nd ed.). New Delhi. p. 6. ISBN 9789350902875. OCLC 858649878.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Chelli D; Kehila M; Sfar E; Zouaoui B; Chelli H; Chanoufi B (2008). "Imperforate hymen: Can it be treated without damaging the hymenal structure?". Cahiers d'Études et de Recherches Francophones / Santé. 18 (2): 83–87. doi:10.1684/san.2008.0108. PMID 19188131.
- ^ Gibbs, Ronald S. (2008). Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 557. ISBN 9780781769372.
- ^ Mwenda, Aruyaru Stanley (2013). "Imperforate Hymen - a care cause of acute abdominal pain and tenesmus: case report and review of the literature". Pan African Medical Journal. 15: 28. doi:10.11604/pamj.2013.15.28.2251. PMC 3758851. PMID 24009804.
- ^ Adams Hillard, Paula J. (June 12, 2013). "Imperforate Hymen: Epidemiology". eMedicine. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
- Glavan, N; Haller, H; Brnčić-Fischer, A; Glavan-Gačanin, L; Miletić, D; Jonjić, N (2016). "Imperforate hymen presenting as vaginal cyst in a 16-month-old child - considerations for an early diagnosis". Scottish Medical Journal. 61 (1): 48–50. doi:10.1177/0036933015615263. PMID 26659454. S2CID 27077599.
- Imperforate hymen at Medscape