Wikipedia

Ii Naomasa

In this Japanese name, the surname is Ii.

Ii Naomasa (井伊 直政, March 4, 1561 – March 24, 1602) was a general under the Sengoku period daimyō, and later shōgun, Tokugawa Ieyasu.[3] He led the clan after the death of Ii Naotora. He married Tobai-in, Matsudaira Yasuchika's daughter and adopted daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Ii Naomasa
井伊 直政
Head of Ii clan
In office
1582–1602
Preceded byIi Naotora
Succeeded byIi Naokatsu
Daimyō of Sawayama
In office
1600–1600
Preceded byIshida Mitsunari
Daimyō of Takasaki
In office
1590–1600
Succeeded bySakai Ietsugu
Daimyō of Hikone
In office
1600–1602
Succeeded byIi Naokatsu
Personal details
BornMarch 4, 1561
Tōtōmi Province, Japan
DiedMarch 24, 1602(1602-03-24) (aged 41)
Edo, Japan
SpouseTobai-in
Parent
Relatives
Nickname(s)Aka-oni
Hitokiri-Hyōbu
Military service
Allegiance Tokugawa clan
Eastern Army
Tokugawa shogunate
RankBuke Shitsuyaku[1][2]
Jijū
Hyōbu-daifū / Shūri-dayū
Unit Ii clan
Red Guard brigade (赤備え)
Battles/wars

Ii Naomasa joined the ranks of the Tokugawa clan in the mid-1570s, rising swiftly through the ranks and became particularly famous after the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, as he is recognized as one of the Four Guardians of the Tokugawa along with Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Sakai Tadatsugu. Ii Naomasa then eventually became the master of a sizable holding in Ōmi Province, following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.[3]

His office in the Imperial Japan ministries was Hyōbu-daifū.[a]

Ii Naomasa was also notable for his command over an elite troops which named Red Guards (赤備え)(akazonae) that formerly served the Takeda clan.

Biography

edit

Ii Naomasa was born in Hōda Village of Tōtōmi Province. His childhood name was Toramatsu (虎松),[citation needed] later Manchiyo (万千代).[5] His family, like the Tokugawa, had originally been retainers of the Imagawa clan, but following the death of the clan's leader, Imagawa Yoshimoto, in the Battle of Okehazama (1560), confusion and general chaos ensued. Naomasa's father, Ii Naochika, was falsely convicted of treason by Yoshimoto's paranoid successor, Imagawa Ujizane, and was subsequently killed.[citation needed]

 
 
Sunpu
（Shizuoka）Castle
 
Hamamatsu Castle
 
Uri Castle
 
Iinoya
class=notpageimage|
Location of Iinoya domain and Hamamatsu castle

Naomasa, then a very small child, escaped his danger. After many difficulties, Ii Naotora succeeded the Ii clan and become the guardian of Naomasa.[3] According to "Ii family biography, In 1574 Naomasa came to Ryutanji Temple for the 13th anniversary of Naochika's death. Then Naotora and Ryutanji Temple Chief Priest Nankei Zuimon, who also happen to be Naomasa's great uncle, consulted and tried to make Naomasa serve Tokugawa Ieyasu. First, in order to prevent Toramatsu from returning to Horai-ji Temple, Hiyo married Kiyokage Matsushita, a vassal of the Tokugawa clan, and adopted Toramatsu into the Matsushita clan.[6] It was said the house of Ii clan invested greatly on Naomasa's education in preparation to entrust him to Ieyasu as a bid to save the Ii clan from crisis.[7]

In 1575, Toramatsu was discovered by Ieyasu and allowed to return to the Ii clan, and changed his name to Machiyo. Furthermore, he was granted possession of Iinoya in Shizuoka, former territory of Ii clan, and was appointed as a page of Tokugawa Ieyasu after visiting him in Hamamatsu Castle.[6][3] At that time, there are three influential clans in Iinoya which led by the so-called "Iinoya trio", consisted of Suzuki Shigetoki, Kondō Yasumochi, and Suganuma Tadahisa.[8] which joined the Tokugawa clan's rank after Ieyasu's invasion of Totomi in 1568.[9] As they entered service under Ieyasu, they were placed by Ieyasu under The command of Naomasa.[b]

War against Takeda & Hōjō clan

edit

In 1576, Naomasa fought for the first time in the battle against Takeda Katsuyori's forces at Shibahara (芝原) in Tōtōmi Province. Since then Naomasa has been seen alongside Ieyasu's Hatamoto vanguards, alongside Honda Tadakatsu and Sakakibara Yasumasa.[11] At the age of 18, Naomasa participated in the Tokugawa army attack on Tanaka castle which guarded by Takeda clan general named Ichijō Nobutatsu. In this battle, Naomasa fought together with Matsudaira Ietada, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Honda Tadakatsu as they all climbed to Tanaka castle wall and fighting Nobutatsu's soldiers.[12][13][14][15]

In 1578, Naomasa was given control of 10,000 koku of domain, due to unspecified distinguished military merit during that year[16] Later, Arthur Lindsay Sadler wrote that At the age of 19, Naomasa gained attention for his first notable performance in battle.[17] Later, at the age of 22, Naomasa perform another distinguishing military service against the Takeda clan, at Siege of Takatenjin in 1581.[18][19] It was said that during this period, Naomasa gained Ieyasu favor due to his blood relation with Lady Tsukiyama, Ieyasu's legal wife.[16]

In 1582, after the Honnoji Incident, Naomasa accompanied Ieyasu on an arduous journey to escape the enemies of Nobunaga in Sakai and return to Mikawa. However, their journey was very dangerous due to the existence of "Ochimusha-gari" groups across the route.[20] [c] During this journey, Naomasa and other senior Ieyasu retainers such as Sakai Tadatsugu and Honda Tadakatsu fought their way through raids and harassment from Ochimusha-gari (Samurai hunter) outlaws during their march escorting Ieyasu, and sometimes advancing by usage of gold and silver bribes given to some of the more amenable Ochimusha-gari groups.[23] As they reached Kada, an area between Kameyama town and Iga,[24] the attacks from Ochimusha-gari finally ended as they reached the territory of Kōka ikki Jizamurai warriors who are friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki warriors then escorting the group while assisting them eliminating the threats of the Ochimusha-gari outlaws until they reached Iga Province, where they were further protected by samurai clans from Iga ikki which accompanied the Ieyasu group until they safely reached Mikawa.[20] The Ietada nikki journal has recorded that the escorts of Ieyasu has suffered around 200 casualties and only 34 person left when they finally arrived at Ietada residence in Mikawa.[25][26]

After Ieyasu's return to Mikawa, Tenshō-Jingo War broke out between the Tokugawa clan and Hōjō clan in a contest to gain control the area of Shinano Province, Ueno region, and Kai Province Kai Province (currently Gunma Prefecture), which has been vacant since the destruction of Takeda clan and the death of Oda Nobunaga. Ieyasu lead an army of 8,000 soldiers entering Kai, Shinano Province, and Ueno, to annex it. However, the Hōjō clan in the Kantō region also led an army of 55,000 men and crossed the Usui Pass to invade Shinano Province.[27] In the battle of Wakamiko, 8,000 Tokugawa soldiers fought against around 50,000 soldiers of Hojo soldiers led by Hōjō Ujinao.[28] Ii Naomasa were recorded has participate in this engagements.[29] In the middle of this conflict, Naomasa further manage to recruit more samurais formerly served various Takeda generals such as Ichijō Nobutatsu, Yamagata Masakage, Masatsune Tsuchiya, and Hara Masatane with the help of former Takeda clan retainer named Kimata Morikatsu who organize the contacts of those samurais with Naomasa.[30] Aside from military service, Naomasa played diplomatic role during this conflict as he received around 41 letters from many former Takeda clan's vassals to submit to Ieyasu.[31] In total, more than 800 vassals of Takeda clan from Kofu Province recruited by Ieyasu during the fight against the Hōjō which lasted for 80 days.[32] In the final phase of this conflict, Naomasa participated in the battle of Kurokoma,[33] where the smaller Tokugawa army manage to defeat the much larger Hōjō armies, despite being reinforced by 10,000 soldiers by Satomi clan from Awa Province (Chiba).[34] From November to January of the following year, Naomasa worked together with another Tokugawa general Torii Mototada, and two former Takeda clan generals who now joined Tokugawa clan's rank, Hoshina Masanao and Suwa Yoritada, to attack Chikuma District which controlled by Hōjō clan vassal named Ogasawara Sadayoshi. By February 10, Sadayoshi surrendered and joined the Tokugawa side.[35] The result of this war, combined with the defection of Sanada Masayuki to the Tokugawa side has forced the Hōjō clan to negotiate truce with Ieyasu.[36] The Hōjō clan then sent Hōjō Ujinobu as representative, while the Tokugawa sent Naomasa as representative to negotiate the peace conditions.[37][38]

According to the Meishō genkō-roku record, after the conflict with the Hōjō clan, Ieyasu organized a kishōmon(blood oath) with many samurai clans that formerly were vassals of the Takeda clan assigned under the command of Tokugawa clan retainers.[39] Ieyasu Tokugawa planned to subduct the largest portions of former Takeda samurai under Naomasa's command, having consulted and reached agreement with Sakai Tadatsugu, a senior Tokugawa clan vassal. However, Ieyasu's decision garnered protest from Sakakibara Yasumasa, who went so far as to threaten Naomasa. Tadatsugu immediately defended the decision of Ieyasu in response and warned Yasumasa that if he did any harm to Naomasa, Tadatsugu would personally slaughter the Sakakibara clan; thus, Yasumasa heeded Tadatsugu and did not protest further.[40] Then Ieyasu decided assigned 70 members of former Takeda samurais from Tsuchiya clan under the command of Ii Naomasa.[41][42][43][44] During this year, Naomasa also given an increase of his domain into 40,000 koku.[d]

Later in 1583, Naomasa sent a detachment of former Takeda samurai originated from Kai, which led by his subordinate, Kimata Morikatsu, to invade Takatō area of Shinano province and subdue an area there which still not submit to Tokugawa clan.[45]

Campaign of Komaki-Nagakute

edit

In 1584 on April 9th, during the Battle of Nagakute, Naomasa was entrusted to lead around 3,000 soldiers on the left wing of Tokugawa forces formation.[46][47] On the opposing side, Ikeda Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi commands 3,000 and 2,000 soldiers respectively.[47] At around 10 a.m., Naomasa clashed against the troops of Tsuneoki. The battle lasted over two hours, as Naomasa units repeatedly foiled attempted charges towards his position by Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi troops with musket rifle barrages,[46][47] until Nagayoshi was shot and killed in action, causing the entire Tokugawa forces gained the upper hand amid chaos. Tsuneoki also killed by Nagai Naokatsu's spear and died in battle.[e] Motosuke Ikeda was also killed by Andō Naotsugu. Meanwhile Ikeda Terumasa retreated from the battlefield. Eventually, the Tsuneoki and Mori forces were crushed, and the battle ended in victory for the Tokugawa force.[49][47] In this battle, Naomasa fought so valiantly that it elicited praise from Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was on the opposing side.

After the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the front line in northern Owari reached stalemate. Ieyasu and Oda Nobukatsu led 20,000 soldiers and besieged three castles: Kanie Castle, Maeda Castle, and Shimoichiba Castle.[50] The Kanie castle were defended by Maeda Nagatane and Takigawa Kazumasu. Tadatsugu, Okanabe Mori, and Yamaguchi Shigemasa spearheading the attack towards Shimoichiba castle.[51][52] On June 22, Nobukatsu and Ieyasu launch an all-out attack on Kanie Castle. The soldiers led by Tadatsugu, While Naomasa, Ishikawa Kazumasa, Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Matsudaira Ietada deployed in reserve before entering the battle with Ieyasu himself.[53] On June 23, Ieyasu entered the castle with Sakakibara Yasumasa, thus the castle were subdued. [50]

Service under Toyotomi government

edit

Following the peace negotiation between Ieyasu and Hideyoshi, Hideyoshi's mother, Ōmandokoro, was sent to stay with Naomasa in gentle captivity, cementing an alliance between the Tokugawa and the Toyotomi. It was reported that Hideyoshi were satisfied with Naomasa's work while guarding his mother.[54]

 
Osuga Yasutaka, senior Tokugawa general

In 1585, during the Tokugawa clan first siege of Ueda Castle against Sanada Masayuki, Ii Naomasa led a 5,000 soldiers reinforcement along with Osuga Yasutaka and Matsudaira Yasushige led reinforcement forces to cover the retreat of Tokugawa forces after they failed to pacify the castle due to hostile movements from Uesugi Kagekatsu.[55][56][57] In the same year, Ishikawa Kazumasa, a senior vassal of Tokugawa, defected from Ieyasu to Hideyoshi.[58] This accident caused Ieyasu to undergone massive reforms of the structures of Tokugawa clan military government. At first, Ieyasu ordered Torii Mototada, who served as the county magistrate of Kai, to collect military laws, weapons, and military equipment from the time of Takeda Shingen and bring them to Hamamatsu Castle (Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture). Later, he also appointed two former Takeda vassals, Naruse Masakazu and Okabe Masatsuna, as magistrates under authority of Ii Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu, while he also ordered all of former Takeda vassals who now serve him to impart any military doctrines and structures they knew during their service under Takeda clan,[59] and lastly, he ordered the three of his prime generals, the so-called "Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings," Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa, to serve as supreme commander of this new military regiments.[60]

In 1586, according to "Sakakibara clan historical records", Ieyasu sent Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa as representatives to Kyoto, where three of them being regarded as "Tokugawa Sanketsu"(Three great nobles of Tokugawa).[61] Then in following month, the three of them joined by Sakai Tadatsugu to accompany Ieyasu in his personal trip to Kyoto, where the four of them "became famous".[f]

In 1587, during the campaign of Toyotomi Hideyoshi against the Ikkō-ikki rebel armies, the Tokugawa clan involved in the battle of Tanaka castle in Fujieda, Shizuoka.[62]

In 1588, during a visit of Tokugawa clan to pay respect to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Naomasa were appointed to the rank of Jijū (equivalent of English Chamberlain office), and became the highest-ranking senior vassal in the Tokugawa family. This has made Naomasa outrank even the most senior Tokugawa officer such as Sakai Tadatsugu.[g]

in 1590 May, Naomasa participated in the Toyotomi forces during the campaign against the Hōjō clan. Later, as Minowa Castle surrendered without a fight, it was awarded to Ii Naomasa as castellan. Naomasa significantly expanded the castle and dug deep and wide dry moats and replaced earthen ramparts with stone walls along the main route into the castle. The siege of Odawara as the last Hōjō clan stronghold almost saw no significant military action, with the exception of Naomasa night raid attack. This happened after, after a group of miners from Kai Province dug under the castle walls, allowing men under Ii Naomasa to enter and engage the enemy.[64]

After the surrender of the Hōjō clan, Ieyasu sent Naomasa and Sakakibara Yasumasa with 1,500 soldiers to witness the Seppuku suicide ritual procession of the defeated enemy generals, Hōjō Ujimasa and Hōjō Ujiteru.[65] As result of his meritorious service during this campaign, Naomasa were awarded with increase of domain stipends to 120,000 Koku.[66]

Rebels suppression campaign (1590-1591)

edit
 
Remnant of Kunohe castle's dry moat

Later in October 28 of the same year, a massive rebellion against the Toyotomi government in Mutsu Province which incited by Hienuki Hirotada and Waga Yoshitada broke out. In response, Hideyoshi sent a punitive expedition with 30,000 army in strength led by Ieyasu Tokugawa, Toyotomi Hidetsugu, Date Masamune, Ishida Mitsunari, Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Gamō Ujisato, Uesugi Kagekatsu, Satake Yoshishige, and Maeda Toshiie, in order to pacify those rebellions. Naomasa participated in this expedition brought in his "Red Demons" unit as vanguard of Tokugawa forces.[67]

Subsequently, with Waga-Hienuki rebellion, Kunohe rebellion also broke out in March 13 1591. Thus causing the punitive expedition army to take measure of this development by splitting their forces as Ieyasu, Naomasa, Ujisato, and some commanders were now changing their focus to suppress Masazane's rebellion first.[68][69] Naomasa also brought some veteran vassals such as Kondō Hideyo here.[70] During the operation against the Kunohe clan rebels, Naomasa Ii became the vanguard with Nanbu Nobunao. As they advanced towards Kunohe castle, they faced a small forces of Kunohe rebels which easily defeated.[68] As they approached the Kunohe castle, Naomasa suggested to the other commanders to besiege the Kunohe's castle until they surrender, which met with agreement from them.[71] As the operation being commenced, Naomasa became part of army who besieged Kunohe castle, where he and Asano Nagamasa deployed on the east side across the Nekobuchi River.[72] On 4 September, the rebels executed the prisoners inside the castle and committing mass suicide after setting fire which burned the castle for three days and three nights and killed all within.[73][68][67] After the Kunohe clan suppressed, Naomasa's detachment then rejoin the main expedition army with Mitsunari, Asano Nagamasa, and others to finish the operation of pacify Hienuki and Waga clan, as Naomasa marched across Mutsu and Dewa Province subduing the resistances and capturing castles from Waga and Hienuki's allies during his journey.

The rebellions finally being suppressed June 20 with Waga Yoshitada being slain in battle,[74] while Hienuki Hirotada sentenced to "Kaieki law" which stated that he and his clan's status and rights as samurai being stripped.[75]

Sekigahara campaign & its aftermath

edit

In 1598 after Hideyoshi died, political strife occurred between Ieyasu with other Toyotomi clan's regents. Naomasa undertook political initiatives as he built a relationship with Kuroda Yoshitaka and Kuroda Nagamasa and forming a pact. through the Kuroda clan, Naomasa successfully swayed the other military commanders to support the Tokugawa clan.[76] Aside from the Kuroda clan, according to a letter of Naomasa which preserved in modern-day Hikone Castle Museum, Naomasa also engaged in correspondency with Sanada Nobuyuki to gain his support for the Tokugawa clan in response for the predicted incoming conflict between Ieyasu with his political enemies.[77] On the same year, Naomasa also built Takasaki Castle and relocated his seat there. Minowa Castle was abandoned and allowed to fall into ruin.[78]

In 1600, on the eve of Sekigahara campaign, Naomasa led the forces in the Tokaido area together with Honda Tadakatsu, and played a central role as Ieyasu's representative.[79] The troops of Naomasa were reinforced with a detachment of Kugai Masatoshi, vassal of Tokugawa Hidetada who at that moment still busy in the Siege of Ueda castle.[80][81]

On August 21, The Eastern army alliance which sided with Ieyasu Tokugawa attacked Takegahana castle which defended by Oda Hidenobu, who sides with Mitsunari faction.[82] They split themselves into two groups, where 18,000 soldiers led by Ikeda Terumasa and Asano Yoshinaga went to the river crossing, while 16,000 soldiers led by Naomasa, Fukushima Masanori, Hosokawa Tadaoki, Kyogoku Kochi, Kuroda Nagamasa, Katō Yoshiaki, Tōdō Takatora, Tanaka Yoshimasa, and Honda Tadakatsu went downstream at Ichinomiya.[83] The first group led by Terumasa crossed the Kiso River and engaged in a battle at Yoneno, causing the Hidenobu army routed. On the other hand, Takegahana castle were reinforced by a Western army faction's general named Sugiura Shigekatsu. The Eastern army led by Naomasa and Fukushima crossed the river and directly attacked Takegahana Castle at 9:00 AM on the August 22nd. Shigekatsu himself setting the castle on fire and committed suicide as a final act of defiance.[82]

On September 24, Ieyasu has demanded Naomasa to quickly pacify the Gifu castle, as they need to moving fast to rescue other feudal lords who sides with Ieyasu, such as Katō Sadayasu and Takenaka Shigekado, which position being besieged by Mitsunari's Western army.[h] On September 29, Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu led their army to rendezvous with Ikeda Terumasa army, where they engaged Oda Hidenobu army in the Battle of Gifu Castle. In this battle, Hidenobu castle were deprived the expected support from Ishikawa Sadakiyo (石川貞清), who decided to not help the Western army in this war after he made an agreement with Naomasa. Hidenobu was prepared to commit seppuku, but was persuaded by Ikeda Terumasa and others to surrender to the eastern forces, and the Gifu Castle fell.[85][86]

 
Site of Matsudaira Tadayoshi and Ii Naomasa's Positions in the Sekigahara battle.

On October 21st, in the Battle of Sekigahara, Naomasa give a notable performance where his unit outpaced those of other generals such as Fukushima Masanori, drawing the "first blood", where Naomasa led 30 spearmens from center of formation charging the ranks of western army, followed by Masanori units who started clashing against Ukita Hideie units.[87] However, modern historian viewed that the act of Naomasa were due to the confusions of both sides as there was heavy fogs covering the battlefield, causing him to unintentionally started the first clash against the enemy and breaking Ieyasu's order to let Masanori doing the first move in this battle.[88] Meanwhile, Watanabe Daimon offered explanation that by many indications of the battle records, the assignment of Naomasa as Ichiban-yari or the first unit to charge the enemy were already settled before the battle, while Masanori has agreed with Naomasa intention to led the first attack, since Daimon argued that Naomasa was appointed by Ieyasu as supreme field commander who were responsible for all commands and strategies during the clash in Sekigahara.[89] As the battle entered the final phase, Naomasa turned his attention towards Shimazu troops.[90] However, Naomasa was shot and wounded by a stray bullet during his attempt to chase In his pursuit against Shimazu Yoshihiro. In the end, Naomasa lost his trails from chasing Yoshihiro, although in the process his troops also manage to kill Yoshihiro nephew named Shimazu Toyohisa.[91][92]

After the Sekigahara battle, Naomasa asking to seek pardon towards Ieyasu for Sanada Masayuki and Sanada Yukimura at the behest of Sanada Nobuyuki.[93] Naomasa also has his fief also increased from 60,000 koku into 180,000 koku.[94] Naomasa complained this to Nagai Naokatsu, as he consider it small compared to Ikeda Terumasa who received 520,000 Koku.[95] It is recorded by Arthur Lindsay Sadler that Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu expressed dissatisfaction of their rewards to Ieyasu.[95]

 
Hikone castle which under control of Ii clan since Ii Naomasa

Later, After defeating the Western Army on Sekigahara, Ieyasu dispatched his army to attack Sawayama Castle in Ōmi Province, the former territory of Ishida Mitsunari with Kobayakawa Hideaki's troops at the vanguard. Most of the castle's troops were at the Battle of Sekigahara, leaving the castle's garrison at 2,800 men. Despite the absence of the lord of the castle, the castle's soldiers fought well, but eventually some soldiers such as Moritmo Hasegawa betrayed the castle and opened the castle for the besieging army. most of Mitsunari relatives, including his father Masatsugu, Masazumi, and Kagetsuin (Mitsunari's wife), were killed in battle or committed suicide.[96] After the castle fell I\inn 1601, Naomasa appointed to take control to Sawayama Castle,[97][98][6][99] However, as the castle were viewed as unstrategic in location, Naomasa ordered the castle building along with its structures dismantled, while transferring its materials instead to Kohei castle, another castle which controlled by Naomasa.[100][i] He also being appointed the rank of Junior Fourth Rank.[79][102][103]

Several months after the battle in Sekigahara, Naomasa sent military reinforcements to assist Yamauchi Kazutoyo pacifying rebellion in Tosa Domain against retainers of Chōsokabe clan, the Ichiryo Gusoku peasant army.[104] The wound which suffered by Naomasa in Sekigahara also prevented his personal involvement in quelling the last vestiges of the anti-Tokugawa faction in the aftermath of Sekigahara engagement.[3] Naomasa sent his vassal, Suzuki Hyōe, with force as strong as 8 ships to help Kazutoyo, which finally pacified the area in 5 weeks, after killing about 273 enemies.[105] The 273 dead rebels heads were decapitated and sent to Ii Naomasa.[106]

Death

edit

Ii Naomasa's premature death in 1602 has been widely blamed on the wound he received at Sekigahara. Naomasa was highly regarded by Tokugawa Ieyasu, so it is no surprise that his sons Naotsugu and Naotaka succeeded him in his service and title. However, Naotsugu managed to anger Ieyasu by refusing to take part in his campaign to reduce the Toyotomi clan stronghold at Osaka.

Personality

edit
 
Ii Naomasa Armor at Hikone Castle

According to the Confucian scholar Oze Hoan [ja] (1564–1640), in his biographical work Taikōki, Ii Naomasa had a beautiful face (Bishōnen), which impressed the mother of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Ōmandokoro, during Naomasa's stay in Kyoto.[107] The "Clan records" chronicles from Edo period also stated that during the battle of Komaki-Nagakute, Naomasa were described as "handsome and has small physical stature". However, despite his unintimidating built, Naomasa fought ferociously in the Battlefield and wearing distinguishable red armor and helmet with long horns, which rendered him a nickname 'Aka-oni'(red demon).[108]

Naomasa was known as a brutal disciplinarian with a violent temper,[109] and punished his subordinates for the slightest mistakes, earning him the nickname of Hitokiri Hyōbu(Hyōbu the Manslayer/mass-murdering minister).[110] According to Meishō genkō-roku (A record of famous commanders' words), Naomasa's strict attitude were influenced by Ōkubo Tadayo, who once advised Naomasa to not expect any luxurious meal during war.[111]

An anecdote from Sakakibara clan historical records has stated that among Ieyasu generals, Honda Tadakatsu excelled in bravery and Sakakibara Yasumasa excelled in leadership, while Ii Naomasa possessed both qualities.[112] However, modern historian Hiroyuki Kikuchi does not agree with the traditional assessment and questioned leadership quality of Naomasa, as Kikuchi quoted the historical research works of Noda Hiroko, which titled "Ii Naomasa", that during the battle in Komaki-Nagakute, Naomasa was acted recklessly by persoally goes to fight in frontline, engaging in melee and grappling enemy soldiers, exposed himself in dangerous position. This prompted his own subordinate, Andō Naotsugu, to chastise Naomasa for his recklessness and not behaved like a military commander who rather should focused on giving command to his soldiers from the rear. Furthermore, Kikuchi pointed out the action of Naomasa in Nagakute also giving much trouble for his other field officer, Kimata Morikatsu, in coordinating their troops. Kikuchi rather argued that instead it was Naomasa subordinates, the former Takeda clan "Red Guard" troops whose really built up their reputation as fearsome military unit.[45]

Naomasa also known for his political astuteness, which enable him to command respect when he was tasked to lead the garrison of Minowa Castle.[113]

Family

edit

In 1590, Tobai-in gave birth to Ii Naokatsu. However, in the same year, Naomasa's second son, Ii Naotaka, was born. Naotaka's mother, Ako, was said to be the daughter of Inbu Tokuemon, who served Matsudaira Yasuchika. When Naomasa married to Tobai-in, Ako came to the Ii family as a maid to serve as maid. It was said that Naomasa was afraid of his wife and hid not only Ako but also Naotaka. Naomasa was afraid of his wife. According to one theory, Ako risked her life to have her son Naotaka acknowledged as her son. After going to such lengths, even Naomasa had no choice but to acknowledge Naotaka as his own son.[114]

Naomasa has built up close relation with the Matsudaira clan through marriages, as his wife, Hana, was a daughter Matsudaira Yasuchika. Yasuchika was originally from the Matsui clan and was a senior vassal and guardian of the Tojo branch of Matsudaira clan. The Tojo Matsudaira eventually lost their heir, but Tokugawa Ieyasu had his fourth son, Matsudaira Tadayoshi, to inherit the position of the head of Tojo Matsudaira. Furthermore, Tadayoshi married Masako, the daughter of to Naomasa and Hana.[109]

Legacy

edit

As one of hereditary samurai clan in Tōtōmi Province, the Ii clan has experienced a threat of extinction during Sengoku period due to chain of events that caused Naomasa's grandfather and father died. However, after the decline of Imagawa clan and Naomasa offered his service to the Tokugawa clan which led by Ieyasu, his career got rapid increase with the support of Ieyasu and the Ii clan saved from the danger of disbandment. When the Tenshō-Jingo war broke out, Ieyasu was in dire need for young vassal with prestigious family background as emissary to convince the ex-Takeda clan in Shinano province to convince them join him. However, since at that time Nobuyasu already died, Naomasa was the strongest candidate since the Ii clan historically has equal standing of ranks with Tokugawa clan. This caused many local lords and samurai clans in Shinano joined Tokugawa clan through the mediation of Naomasa as he handled around 67 letters of local lords to join the Tokugawa clan. After the war, Ieyasu entrusted the newly recruited samurai from ex-Takeda territories into the command of Ii clan. Noda concluded this is the start of the establishment of Ii clan as strong daimyo clan which ruled Hikone until the Meiji Restoration.[115][7] Historian Toshikazu Komiyama believed this steps were an effort of Ieyasu to strengthen and rejuvenate the Ii clan after facing danger of extinction due to decades of troubles which weakened them internally.[116]

 
The monument of Ii Naomasa at Ryōtan-ji in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka

Ii Naomasa was also known as the founder of Hikone Castle, after he given task by Tokugawa Ieyasu appoint him the rule of a new domain centered at Sawayama Castle. The Hikone Castle completed by his son Ii Naokatsu in 1622. The area remained under the control of Hikone Domain through the end of the Edo Period.[117] He also known as the first governor of the newly established Hikone Domain, which formed from the eastern part of Ōmi Province that formerly known as Sawayama domain which ruled by Ishida Mitsunari.[98][6] The Hikone domain which inherited through generation to descendants of Naomasa's Ii clan survived until 1871 with its last ruler from Ii clan was Ii Naonori.[118][119]

Aside from the Hikone Domain, another historical Domain founded under Naomasa's rule were Takasaki Domain, which he control for sometimes before it was transferred to Sakai Ietsugu, son of Sakai Tadatsugu.[120]

Naomasa's sets of armour are all preserved and exhibited within Hikone Castle museum, including an armor with golden horns in its helmet.[121] The armor is fully coated in shu-urushi (red lacquer).[122] This kind of armor were recorded being used by Naomasa during the battle of Komaki-Nagakute.[108] Another armor which the museum preserved is the first Naomasa armor which he used during the battle of Shibahara. This kind of armor were lacking gold horns.[121]

Another preserved artifacts belonged to Ii Naomasa was a Haori jacket made from feathers of peacock. this Haori was given by Ieyasu to Naomasa as reward for his escort against outlaws attacks during the escape of Ieyasu from Sakai to Mikawa in the aftermath of Honnoji incident.[123][124]

Ii clan's Red Demons brigade

edit
 
Edo period depiction of the "Red Guards" (Akazonae) of the Ii clan

Ii Naomasa was known for his notable elite troops which nicknamed as Ii clan's Red Demons (赤鬼)(Akaoni), or Red Guards (赤備え)(akazonae).[125]

In March 1582, the Ii clan under Naomasa absorbed many of Takeda samurai vassals into their rank, after he made a blood pact (Kishômon) with 70 samurai warriors from Tsuchiya clan that formerly served Tsuchiya Masatsugu, one of Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen, to serve him as Hatamoto retainers.[41] Meanwhile, another source mentioned that total of 120 Tsuchiya clan's samurai warriors has joined Naomasa's rank instead.[6] Later, during the Tenshō-Jingo War in 1582 between Tokugawa against the Hojo clan, Naomasa further absorbed many samurai warriors from various clans that formerly served under various Takeda generals such as Ichijō Nobutatsu, Yamagata Masakage, Masatsune Tsuchiya, and Hara Masatane, into his rank.[126][127] The negotiation to convince them to join Naomasa was aided by a former Takeda clan retainer named Kimata Morikatsu, who organize the contacts of those samurai clans with Naomasa.[126]

Recently in 2023, the letter of Naomasa Ii's which sent to a former Takeda general named Obata Nobusada (小幡信真)[j] During the conflict between Tokugawa against Hojo clan, was disclosed by Hiroko Noda, an official of Hikone castle museum. The content of the letter was Naomasa assurance to Nobusada to accept his surrender to Tokugawa.[128]

The warriors which Naomasa commanded on the battlefield were notable for being outfitted almost completely in blood-red armour from their mounted samurai, bannermen, to even ashigaru.[129] It was said for psychological impact, a tactic he adopted from Yamagata Masakage, one of Takeda Shingen's generals.[3] Constantine Nomikos Vaporis stated that the adaption of the lacquer based armor of the Japanese Samurai army has allowed the introduction of various color theme for their armor. such as Naomasa and Masakage red-clad armor units.[130] This tradition of red armored cavalry corps were reportedly started from Obu Toramasa, elder brother of Masakage.[131] According to Kōyō Gunkan, Obata Nobusada. who submitted to Naomasa during the Tensho Jingo war, also allegedly commanded a Red armored cavalry units which different from the Red cavalry units of Yamagata Masakage.[132]

Aside from the Takeda clan's samurais, Ieyasu also assigned his own vassals from Iinoya domain such as the "Iinoya's trio" (Iinoya-Sanninshu) clans to his command.[8] The Iinoya trio were a powerful clans that originated from eastern side of Mikawa who contributed much for Ieyasu expansion during his conquest of former Imagawa territories in Tōtōmi Province.[133] One of the Iinoya's trio son, Kondō Hideyo from the Kondō clan also entered service of Naomasa in 1584 as his Yoriki (officer) with semi-autonomous authority.[134] Before serving Naomasa, Hideyo himself were already veteran warrior who participated with Ieyasu campaigns and gained many military merits on the Battle of Anegawa, Battle of Mikatagahara, Battle of Nagashino, and the Siege of Takatenjin Castle.[135] Hideyo later also fought under Ii Naomasa's banner on the battle of Komaki-Nagakute, first siege of Ueda, Siege of Odawara, and Toyotomi's "Ōshū shioki" campaign in suppressing Kunohe Masazane's rebellion.[70]

Furthermore, Ii Naomasa also employed Iga ninja clans from Iga Province which led by Miura Yo'emon.[136] Miura Yo'emon was reportedly entered the service of Ii clan in 1603.[137] These ninja army saw action during the Siege of Osaka under the lead of Ii Naotaka, heir of Naomasa who also given control of Ii clan's red demons after Naomasa died.[138] Furthermore, according to modern day Ii clan's descendant, Ii Takeo, during the Battle of Yao, the Red Guards of Ii clan performed feats as their role was crucial for the Tokugawa clan victory as they manage to beat the forces of Chōsokabe Morichika.[139]

Historian such as Michifumi Isoda opined that one factor why the Tokugawa clan's could conquer Japan was due to the incorporation of the former Takeda clan's vassals into its rank, including Yamagata Masakage's elite red brigade cavalry into Naomasa's command.[140]

edit

In theater and other contemporary works, Naomasa is often characterized as the opposite of Ieyasu's other great general, Honda Tadakatsu. While both were fierce warriors of the Tokugawa, An anecdote recorded by Japanese writer Yoshiaki Kusudo has stated that where despite being lightly armored, Tadakatsu never received any injury during his life, while Naomasa always received wounds every battle despite heavily armored. It was said that the armor which Naomasa wearing reached 60 kg in weight.[141]

A Japanese historical drama NHK show What Will You Do, Ieyasu? (どうする家康, Dousuru Ieyasu, What Would You Do, Ieyasu?,[142])[143][144][145] has Rihito Itagaki portray Ii Naomasa.[146] In this show, He is depicted as playboy and handsome young vassal of Ieyasu who has arrogant personality.[147]

Appendix

edit

Footnotes

edit
  1. ^ ^ A copy of the oral decree dated February 27, Tensho 12, states that "Hyobu Daifu FUJIWARA Naomasa" was appointed Shuri-Daifu.[4]
  2. ^ According to Kan'ei family genealogy, and Samurai history book record compiled by the Ii clan, the governance of the whole Iinoya domain were placed under Naomasa. However, historical materials regarding the territory of Iinoya suggest that the Iinoya trio held Chigyochi as before, while Naomasa's territory was established in a way that was separate from them.[10]
  3. ^ According to Imatani Akira, professor of Tsuru University, and Ishikawa Tadashi, assistant professor University of Central Florida, during Sengoku period there are emergence of particularly dangerous groups called "Ochimusha-gari" or "fallen warrior hunt" groups. these groups were decentralized peasant or Rōnin self-defense forces who operates outside the law, while in actuality they often resorted to hunt Samurais or soldiers who has been defeated in wars.[21][22][20]
  4. ^ moToshikazu Komiyama expressed doubt about the number, as 40,000 sum of koku are quite large for Naomasa to held alone during that moment, while it is implied from other historical records that it was actually the total of domains which held by semi independent vassals of Naomasa.[10]
  5. ^ It was said that Andō Naotsugu who killed both Nagayoshi and Ikeda Tsuneoki. However, it is recorded Ando let others to claim the head of Tsuneoki.[48]
  6. ^ However, Murayama did not mention the sobriquet of "Four Guardians" here. He only mention that those four Tokugawa generals "became famous[61]
  7. ^ Noda Hiroko, member of Hikone castle museum directorate, has suspected that this is due to Naomasa being hailed from Ii clan, which status has Similar prestige with the Tokugawa clan themselves. Another reason was because Naomasa himself was a relative of Lady Tsukiyama.[63]。
  8. ^ The Gifu Sekigahara Battlefield Memorial Museum has preserved Ieyasu's letters including one which Ieyasu threaten Naomasa to complete the siege as fast as possible.[84]
  9. ^ However, modern era Japanese castle archaeologist Yoshimasa Miike theorized that the reason why Naomasa dismantled Sawayama castle and relocate its materials to Hikone was due to his concern that he could not secure the loyalty of the former Mitsunari vassals which reside in Sawayama castle.[101]
  10. ^ different person than Obata Masamori Nobusada}who already died

References

edit
  1. ^ Antoine Rous marquis de La Mazelière (1907). Le Japon: Le Japon des Tokugawa (in French). Plon-Nourrit et cie. p. 160. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  2. ^ James Murdoch (1996). A History of Japan, Volume 2. Psychology Press. p. 712. ISBN 0415150760. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f 井伊直政 -Hatabo's Homepage Archived 2003-09-08 at archive.today
  4. ^ Noda 2017, p. 85.
  5. ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 107)
  6. ^ a b c d e 山本博文監修 (2007, p. 23)
  7. ^ a b Kenshiro Kawanishi (川西賢志郎) (2023). "赤鬼・井伊直政、異例の出世の謎 背景に「家康嫡男の死」" [The mystery behind the unusual rise of the Red Demon, Ii Naomasa: The death of Ieyasu's eldest son]. Sankei Shinbun (in Japanese). The Sankei Shimbun. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  8. ^ a b "井伊谷・井伊家と新城地域". 新城市. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  9. ^ 『寛政重修諸家譜』巻第八百四十二「近藤」、国民図書版『寛政重修諸家譜 第五輯』p.401。
  10. ^ a b Toshikazu Komiyama (2002, p. 51)
  11. ^ Tetsuo Owada (2001). 争乱の地域史: 西遠江を中心に - Volume 4 [Regional history of conflict: Focusing on Nishiotomi - Volume 4] (in Japanese). 清文堂出版. p. 153. ISBN 9784792404956. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  12. ^ ð̇Æ̇̌Þ̄ʹđ̇: Rekicho yoki (in Japanese). 1998. p. 九日圍:田中城、井伊直政歲十八. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  13. ^ Kajiwara Ai; Matsudaira Yoriyasu (2003). 歴朝要紀 Volume 2 (in Japanese). 神道大系編纂会. p. 田中城、井伊直政歲十八. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  14. ^ Kimura Takaatsu (1976). 武徳編年集成 (in Japanese). 名著出版. p. 229. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  15. ^ Motonao Narushima; Tadachika Kuwata; Takehisa Udagawa (1976). 改正三河後風土記 Volume 2 [Revised Mikawa Go Fudoki Volume 2] (in Japanese). 秋田書店. p. 110. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  16. ^ a b "井伊直政は徳川家康とイケナイ関係にあったので、スピード出世をしたのか". yahoo.co.jp/expert/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  17. ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 107)
  18. ^ 戦国武将100列伝 (in Japanese). 展望社. 2020. p. 121. ISBN 978-4885463730.
  19. ^ Tsunoda Akio (2023). "【歴人録】登場が待ち遠しい！？徳川四天王の一人・井伊直政はどのように家康と出会ったのか【どうする家康】" [[Preparation for the Taiga Drama] Ii Naomasa, 18 years old, makes his impressive debut! With the sudden death of Uesugi Kenshin, a battle for the family head breaks out, and Takeda Katsuyori... [What will Ieyasu do?]]. Rekishi-ya. rekishiya. Retrieved 23 June 2024. Reference:
    • "Tokugawa Jikki Volume 1" National Diet Library Digital Collection"
  20. ^ a b c Akira Imatani (1993, pp. 152–153, 157–158, ､167)
  21. ^ Fujiki Hisashi (2005). 刀狩り: 武器を封印した民衆 (in Japanese). 岩波書店. p. 29･30. ISBN 4004309654. Kunio Yanagita "History of Japanese Farmers"
  22. ^ Kirino Sakuto (2001). 真説本能寺 (学研M文庫 R き 2-2) (in Japanese). 学研プラス. pp. 218–9. ISBN 4059010421. Tadashi Ishikawa quote
  23. ^ Mitsuhisa Takayanagi (1958). 戦国戦記本能寺の変・山崎の戦 (1958年) (in Japanese). 春秋社. p. 65. Retrieved 9 May 2024. Luís Fróis;History of Japan..; Nihon Yoso-kai Annual Report", Japanese historical materials also show that Ieyasu distributed a large amount of gold and silver to his subordinates) A certain " Ishikawa Tadashi Sosho
  24. ^ 藤田達生 (2005). "「神君伊賀越え」再考". 愛知県史研究. 9. 愛知県: 1–15. doi:10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1.
  25. ^ Masahiko Iwasawa (1968). "(Editorial) Regarding the original of Ietada's diary" (PDF). 東京大学史料編纂所報第２号. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  26. ^ Morimoto Masahiro (1999). 家康家臣の戦と日常 松平家忠日記をよむ (角川ソフィア文庫) Kindle Edition. KADOKAWA. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  27. ^ Masaru Hirayama (2016). "天正壬午の乱【増補改訂版】─本能寺の変と東国戦国史" [Tensho Migo Rebellion [revised and enlarged edition] - Honnoji Incident and the history of the Sengoku period in the Togoku region] (in Japanese). Ebisukosyo. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  28. ^ East Volumes 19-20. East Publications. 1983. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  29. ^ Okaya Shigezane (1967). 名将言行錄 定本 · Volume 6 (in Japanese). Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha. p. 33. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  30. ^ Toshikazu Komiyama (2002, p. 50～66)
  31. ^ Kōya Nakamura (1965). 德川家康公傳 / Tokugawa Ieyasu-kō den (in Japanese). 東照宮社務所. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  32. ^ Sakamoto Masahito; hotta masaatsu; Ryōshō Hayashi (1997). 干城錄 Volume 13 (in Japanese). 人間舎. ISBN 978-4-931408-01-2. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  33. ^ Hotta Masaatsu (1917). 寛政重修諸家譜: 第4輯 [Various Kyushu clans record: Part 4] (in Japanese). Keio University: 榮進舍出版部. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  34. ^ 竹井英文「“房相一和”と戦国期東国社会」（佐藤博信 編『中世東国の政治構造 中世東国論:上』（岩田書店、2007年） ISBN 978-4-87294-472-3
  35. ^ Hirayama 2011, pp. 53–61.
  36. ^ Masaru Hirayama (2016). 真田信之 : 父の知略に勝った決断力 (in Japanese). PHP研究所. ISBN 9784569830438. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  37. ^ Aida Nirō (1976). 日本古文書学の諸問題 (in Japanese). 名著出版. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  38. ^ 千葉琢穂 (1989). 藤原氏族系図 6 [Fujiwara clan genealogy 6]. 展望社. p. 227. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  39. ^ 小宮山敏和「戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について　戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」『論集きんせい』26号、2004年
  40. ^ 岡谷繁実 (1944). 名将言行録. 岩波文庫. Vol. 6巻. 岩波書店. pp. 200–91. ISBN 9784003317365.
  41. ^ a b 丸島, 和洋 (2015). "土屋昌恒". In 柴辻, 俊六; 平山, 優; 黒田, 基樹; 丸島, 和洋 (eds.). 武田氏家臣団人名辞典. 東京堂出版. p. 505. ISBN 9784490108606.
  42. ^ Toshikazu Komiyama (1981). "戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について" [Regarding the transformation of Sengoku daimyo vassals into Tokugawa vassals]. --戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として =A case study of Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  43. ^ Toshikazu Komiyama (2004). "戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について 戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」" [About turning Sengoku daimyo vassals into Tokugawa vassals: Using the Sengoku daimyo Takeda family vassals as an example]. Collection of Essays (in Japanese). 1 (26). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  44. ^ 山梨県史の刊行・訂正・補足情報 [Yamanashi Prefectural History Materials 6 Medieval Period 3 Lower Prefectural Records] (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  45. ^ a b hiroyuki kikuchi (菊地浩之) (2023). "｢井伊の赤鬼｣と恐れられた直政は実は名将ではなかった…関ヶ原の合戦後42歳で死んだ徳川四天王最年少の生涯". PRESIDENT Online（プレジデントオンライン） (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 4 June 2024. Hiroko Noda; Ii Naomasa; Hikone castle Museum
  46. ^ a b Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 127-9)
  47. ^ a b c d 参謀本部 編 (1978, pp. 35–39)
  48. ^ Tsunoda Akio (2023). "小牧・長久手の激闘で大手柄！森長可＆池田之助（恒興長男）を倒した安藤直次の武勇伝【どうする家康】". Rekishi-ya. rekishiya. Retrieved 23 June 2024. Reference:
    • "Kansei Shoshu Shokafu Volume 6" National Diet Library Digital Collection
    • Asahi Shimbun Publishing Co., ed. "Asahi Dictionary of Japanese Historical Figures," Asahi Shimbun Publishing, October 1994
  49. ^ 花見朔已 (1942). "小牧・長久手の役". 大日本戦史. 三教書院: 44.
  50. ^ a b Fujita Tatsuo (2006). 小牧・長久手の戦いの構造 [Structure of the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute] (in Japanese). 岩田書院. p. 107. ISBN 4-87294-422-4. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  51. ^ 神谷存心 (1889). 小牧陣始末記(日本戦史材料 ; 第1巻) [The story of the end of the Komaki camp (Japanese military history materials; Volume 1)] (in Japanese). Tokyo: 武蔵吉彰. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  52. ^ Kimura Takaatsu. Naotoki, Tamaru (ed.). 武徳編年集成 (in Japanese). 拙修斎. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  53. ^ Narushima shichoku; Udagawa Takehisa; kuwata tadachika (1976). 改正三河後風土記 Volume 1 [Revised Mikawa Go Fudoki Volume 1] (in Japanese). 秋田書店. p. 197. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  54. ^ Mizuno Shigeru (Shizuoka Castle Research Society Chairman ) (2023). "小牧・長久手の戦い（愛知県長久手市） 武田の「赤備え」再編し直政奮迅" [Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (Nagakute, Aichi Prefecture) Takeda's "Red Guards" is reorganized and Naomasa works hard]. Sankei Shinbun (in Japanese). The Sankei Shimbun. p. 1-2. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  55. ^ Shinano Historical Materials Publication Society (1977). 新編 信濃史料叢書 (in Japanese). 信濃史料刊行会. p. 302. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  56. ^ Hayashi Razan (1918). Honchō tsugan Volume 2 (in Japanese). Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  57. ^ Kazumasa Okusunoki (2012). 浜松城時代の徳川家康展 (in Japanese). Hamamatsu city centra Library. p. 13. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  58. ^ Tanaka 2007, p. 14.
  59. ^ Okanoya Shigezane (2007). Shogun and Samurai Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu. Translated by Andrew and Yoshiko Dykstra. Mānoa: University of Hawaiʻi; Japanese Literature Translations by Yoshiko K. Dykstra. p. 147. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  60. ^ Watanabe Daimon. "家臣が出奔するというピンチをチャンスに変えた、徳川家康の先見性とは". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  61. ^ a b Tetsuo Nakamura; Kazuo Murayama (1991). 徳川四天王: 精強家康軍団奮闘譜 歴史群像シリーズ22号. 学研プラス. pp. 111, 125. ISBN 4051053679.
  62. ^ Stephen Turnbull (2019). Tanaka 1587: Japan's Greatest Unknown Samurai Battle (From Retinue to Regiment). Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1912866496.
  63. ^ Noda Hiroko (2015). "徳川家康の家中序列構想―徳川一門衆としての井伊直政―" (PDF). 彦根城博物館だより (in Japanese) (111号).
  64. ^ Turnbull 1998, p. 241.
  65. ^ kuwata tadachika; yamaoka sōhachi; Army. General Staff Headquarters (1965). 日本の戦史 Volume 4 (in Japanese). Japan: 德間書店, 昭和 40-41 [1965-66]. p. 263. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  66. ^ 高崎市史編さん委員会 (1968). 高崎市史 Volume 1 (in Japanese). 高崎市. p. 151. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  67. ^ a b 青森県 (2004). 青森県史: 資料編. 中世, Volume 1 [Aomori Prefectural History: Documents. Middle Ages, Volume 1] (in Japanese). Aomori Prefecture History Editor Medieval Section. pp. 274, 702. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  68. ^ a b c Seiji Kobayashi (1994, p. 189)
  69. ^ Iwate Prefectural Educational Research Institute (1966). 岩手県史 [Iwate Prefecture History] (in Japanese). 杜陵印刷. p. 105. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  70. ^ a b 『寛政重修諸家譜』巻第八百四十二「近藤」、国民図書版『寛政重修諸家譜 第五輯』p.403。
  71. ^ Ishidoriya Town History Compilation Committee (1979). 石鳥谷町史 上-下卷 [1-2] · Volume 1. 石鳥谷町. p. 299. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  72. ^ 打越武志 (2021). 歴史絵巻打越家伝 : 楠木正家後裔/河内 (甲斐) 源氏流. デザインエッグ. p. 236. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  73. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2010). Hatamoto: Samurai Horse and Foot Guards 1540-1724. Osprey. ISBN 9781846034787.
  74. ^ 中央公論新社(編) (2020). 歴史と人物 Volume 11 [History and People volume 11 Interesting People Japanese History Ancient and Medieval Edition] (in Japanese). 中央公論新社(編). p. 104. ISBN 9784128001453. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  75. ^ Hosoi Kei (2002). 南部と奥州道中 [Nanbu and Oshu Road]. Yoshikawa Kobunkan. p. 104. ISBN 4642062068.
  76. ^ Noda 2007.
  77. ^ Kenshiro Kawanishi (川西賢志郎) (2023). "天下分け目・関ケ原の戦いで暗躍 最年少「徳川四天王」井伊直政の外交術" [The diplomatic skills of Ii Naomasa, the youngest of the Tokugawa Four Heavenly Kings, who was active behind the scenes in the decisive Battle of Sekigahara]. Sankei Shinbun (in Japanese). The Sankei Shimbun. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  78. ^ 日本吉 - Nippon-Kichi
  79. ^ a b Watanabe Daimon (2023). "関ヶ原合戦で大活躍！ あまりに無念だった井伊直政の最期" [A great achievement in the Battle of Sekigahara! The end of Ii Naomasa was very regrettable]. yahoo.co.jp/expert (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  80. ^ Kyôto Daigaku. Jimbun kagaku Kenkyûjo. Chôsa hokoku Issues 37-38 (in Japanese). Kyôto Daigaku. Jimbun kagaku Kenkyûjo. p. 109. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  81. ^ Fujii Jōji (1994). 近世前期政治的主要人物の居所と行動 (in Japanese). 京都大学人文科学研究所. p. 109. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  82. ^ a b 竹鼻町史編集委員会 (1999). 竹鼻の歴史 [Takehana] (in Japanese). Takehana Town History Publication Committee. pp. 30–31.
  83. ^ 尾西市史 通史編 · Volume 1 [Onishi City History Complete history · Volume 1] (in Japanese). 尾西市役所. 1998. p. 242. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  84. ^ "家康の手紙を読む 静岡家康紀行 NHK静岡 静岡家康紀行 NHK静岡放送局". nhk.or.jp (in Japanese). NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2024. Gifu Sekigahara Battlefield Memorial Museum Curator, Yamagata Takashi
  85. ^ 参謀本部 (1911), "石川貞清三成ノ陣ニ赴ク", 日本戦史. 関原役 [Japanese military history], 元真社
  86. ^ Mitsutoshi Takayanagi (1964). 新訂寛政重修諸家譜 6 (in Japanese). 八木書店. ISBN 978-4-7971-0210-9. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  87. ^ James Murdoch (1996). A History of Japan Volume 2. Routledge. p. 417. ISBN 978-0-415-15416-1. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  88. ^ Kasaya Kazuhiko (2000). 関ヶ原合戦と近世の国制 [The Battle of Sekigahara and the Early Modern State System] (in Japanese). 思文閣出版. pp. 69–73. ISBN 4784210679. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  89. ^ Watanabe Daimon (2023). "関ヶ原合戦で東軍を勝利に導いた井伊直政は、本当に抜け駆けをしたのか". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  90. ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 127-9)
  91. ^ Sakuto Kirino (2010). 関ケ原島津退き口: 敵中突破三〇〇里 (学研新書 78 (in Japanese). 学研プラス. p. 234. ISBN 978-4054046016.
  92. ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2009). Turnbull, Stephen (ed.). Shogun The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Tuttle Publishing. p. 136. ISBN 9781462916542. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  93. ^ 野田 2007, p. 典拠史料は「真田家武功口上之覚」（『真田家文書』中巻、1982年.
  94. ^ 川村 真二 (2014). 徳川四天王 家康に天下を取らせた男たち (in Japanese). PHP研究所. p. 54. ISBN 978-4569761930.
  95. ^ a b Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2011). Japanese Tea Ceremony Cha-No-Yu. Tuttle Publishing. p. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pS_RAgAAQBAJ&newbks=. ISBN 9781462903597. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  96. ^ Nakai Hitoshi (2007). 城郭談話会 (ed.). 近江佐和山城・彦根城. サンライズ出版. ISBN 978-4-883-25282-4. The History and Structure of Sawayama Castle
  97. ^ Motoki Kuroda (黒田基樹) (2023). "石田三成の領地は井伊直政へ…関ヶ原合戦に勝ち680万石以上の所領配分権を手にした家康がしたこと" [Ishida Mitsunari's territory went to Ii Naomasa... What Ieyasu did after winning the Battle of Sekigahara and gaining the right to distribute over 6.8 million koku of land]. PRESIDENT Online（プレジデントオンライン） (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  98. ^ a b 村川
  99. ^ 井伊達夫 (2007). 井伊軍志 (新装版 ed.). 宮帯出版社. p. 107.
  100. ^ The Virginia Review of Asian Studies Volume 9. Virginia Consortium of Asian Studies. 2006. p. 220. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  101. ^ 三池純正 (2009). 義に生きたもう一人の武将 (石田三成). 宮帯出版社. pp. 267–8.
  102. ^ "三成の佐和山城、徹底破壊 政権交代を見せしめ". 京都新聞. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  103. ^ "痕跡一掃、居城「見せしめ」破壊…発掘で裏付け". 毎日新聞. 2016. Retrieved 2017-07-04.
  104. ^ Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. (2019, p. 79)
  105. ^ Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. (2019, p. 370)
  106. ^ John Whitney Hall (8 March 2015). Marius B. Jansen, Marius B. Jansen (ed.). Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan. Princeton University Press. pp. 117–8. ISBN 9781400868957. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  107. ^ Hoan, Oze (1626). Taikōki  – via Wikisource.
  108. ^ a b Arai Shiraishi (1967). 新編 藩翰譜 第一巻 Arai Shiraishi (1657-1725) (in Japanese). Tokyo: 人物往来社. p. 458. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  109. ^ a b Kazuto Hongō (本郷和人) (2023). "井伊直政の「特別扱い」（上）有能で苛烈な忠臣筆頭" [Naomasa Ii's "Special Treatment" (upper) Treatment of a competent and intense loyalty part 1]. Sankei online (in Japanese). The Sankei Shimbun. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  110. ^ Shinji Kawamura (2014). 徳川四天王 家康に天下を取らせた男たち (in Japanese). PHP研究所. p. 286. ISBN 9784569761930. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  111. ^ "Tadayo Okubo". 名將言行録 volume 50 [Record of famous generals' sayings volume 50] (in Japanese).
  112. ^ 中川昌久. 武備神木抄. 内閣文庫和書和書(多聞櫓文書を除く）. Retrieved 5 May 2024. Acceptable: CC0 (CC0 1.0 Worldwide Public domain provided)
  113. ^ なかむら, p. 126.
  114. ^ Watanabe Daimon (2023). "徳川家康だけではなかった。愛人問題で苦しんだ井伊直政" [Tokugawa Ieyasu was not the only one who suffered from a mistress problem. Ii Naomasa also suffered from a mistress problem.]. yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  115. ^ Tomoyuki Mayama (真山知幸) (13 August 2023). "調整力で徳川に貢献｢井伊直政｣の壮絶な家の歴史 当主が戦死し､｢存続の危機｣に陥った井伊家" [The dramatic history of the family of "Ii Naomasa" who contributed to the Tokugawa shogunate through his coordination skills]. Toyokeizai online (in Japanese). oyo Keizai Inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 15 June 2024. Okubo Hikozaemon, Kobayashi Kensho, "Modern Japanese Translation of the Tale of Mikawa" (Chikuma Gakugei Bunko); Oishi Manabu, Komiyama Toshikazu, Noguchi Tomotaka, Sato Hiroyuki, eds., "The Biography of Ieyasu Vol. 1-5: Modern Japanese Translation of the Tokugawa Jikki" (Yoshikawa Kobunkan); Uno Yasuo, "The Matsudaira Family History: Matsudaira Tarozaemon Family Oral Tradition" (Matsudaira Chikauji Memorial Association); Hirano Akio, "Mikawa: The Matsudaira Clan" (Shinjinbutsu Oraisha); Tokoro Rikio, "The Structure of Power of the Tokugawa Shogun" (Yoshikawa Kobunkan ); Honda Takanari, "The Definitive Edition of Tokugawa Ieyasu" (Yoshikawa Kobunkan); Kasatani Kazuhiko, "Tokugawa Ieyasu: I Should Commit Serious Harassment to Save All People" (Minerva Shobo); Hirayama Masaru, "New Theory: Ieyasu and the Battle of Mikatagahara" (NHK Publishing Shinsho); Kawai Atsushi, "Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Nine Crises" (PHP Shinsho) Kenichi Niki, "Tokugawa Ieyasu" (Chikuma Shinsho) Edited by the Japanese History Materials Research Group, edited by Akio Hirano, "The Frontline of Ieyasu Research" (Rekishi Shinsho y) Hiroyuki Kikuchi, "The Mystery of the Tokugawa Vassals" (Kadokawa Sensho) Ushiichi Ota and Taiko Nakagawa, "Modern Japanese Translation of the Chronicle of Nobunaga" (Shinjinbutsu Bunko) Hiroko Noda, "The Ii Clan and the Hikone Domain" (Yoshikawa Kobunkan)
  116. ^ Toshikazu Komiyama (2002, p. 40)
  117. ^ Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN 978-4311750403.(in Japanese)
  118. ^ Mass, Jeffrey P. and William B. Hauser. (1987). The Bakufu in Japanese History, p. 150.
  119. ^ Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987). Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century, p. 18.
  120. ^ "朝日日本歴史人物事典". DIGITALIO.
  121. ^ a b Ii Hikone Museum.
  122. ^ Guiseppe Piva (2024). "The Legacy of Warlords: Famous Samurai Armors in History". Giuseppe Piva Japanese Art. giuseppe piva. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  123. ^ ""贈"する家康、井伊直政に贈った「陣羽織」公開・長岡". hokurikushinkansen-navi.jp (in Japanese). © 新潟日報社 The Niigata Nippo © 北日本新聞社 THE KITANIPPON SHIMBUN © 北國新聞社 THE HOKKOKU SHIMBUN © 福井新聞社 Fukui Shimbun © 信濃毎日新聞社 The Shinano Mainichi Shimbun. 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  124. ^ "井伊直政が徳川家康から贈られたとされる陣羽織 特別展 長岡" (in Japanese). NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). NHK. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  125. ^ kazutoshi harada; Metropolitan Museum of Art (2009). Ogawa, Morihiro (ed.). Art of the Samurai Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156-1868. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 80. ISBN 9781588393456. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  126. ^ a b Toshikazu Komiyama (2002, p. 50=66)
  127. ^ Tsunoda Akio (2023). "【大河ドラマ予習】井伊直政が「赤鬼」と呼ばれたのはなぜ？榊原康政の抗議に酒井忠次は【どうする家康】". Rekishi-ya. rekishiya. Retrieved 23 June 2024. Reference:
    • ※"Toshogu Shrine Chronicles Supplement" Volume 3 "Ii Naomasa's Akazonae"
  128. ^ Fujii Takumi (2023). "井伊直政、新たな書状原本 25、26日に彦根で公開、講演も" [Naomasa Ii's new original letter will be released in Hikone on the 25th and 26th, and he will also give a lecture.]. asahi (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun Company. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  129. ^ Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. (2019, p. 22)
  130. ^ Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. (2019, p. 22)
  131. ^ Watanabe Daimon (2023). "「どうする家康」武田氏の赤備えはいつはじまり、どのように継承されたのか". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  132. ^ プレジデント, Volume 30, Issues 5-8 (in Japanese). President Inc. 1992. p. 109. ISBN 9784569661384. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  133. ^ Watanabe Daimon (2023). "徳川家康を遠江で手引きした「井伊谷三人衆」とは、いったい何者なのか". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  134. ^ Toshikazu Komiyama (2002, p. 59)
  135. ^ 『寛政重修諸家譜』巻第八百四十二「近藤」、国民図書版『寛政重修諸家譜 第五輯』p.402
  136. ^ Stephen Turnbull (2008, p. 55)
  137. ^ Stephen Turnbull (2012, p. 48)
  138. ^ Stephen Turnbull (2008, p. 55)
  139. ^ Kenshiro Kawanishi (川西賢志郎) (2023). "子孫が語る大坂の陣（５）豊臣秀頼を自害に追い込む猛攻 徳川最強軍団を率いた「赤牛」井伊直孝" [The Battle of Osaka as told by its descendants (5) The fierce attack that forced Toyotomi Hideyori to commit suicide: Naotaka Ii, the "Red Bull" who led the Tokugawa's strongest army]. Sankei Shinbun (in Japanese). The Sankei Shinbun. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  140. ^ Michifumi Isoda (2023). 家康の誤算: 「神君の仕組み」の創造と崩壊 (in Japanese). 株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
  141. ^ Yoshiaki Kusudo (2017). 戦国武将「お墓」でわかる意外な真実 (in Japanese). 株式会社ＰＨＰ研究所. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  142. ^ "Historical Drama "What Would You Do, Ieyasu?"". Japan International Broadcasting Inc. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  143. ^ "What will you do, Ieyasu?". NHK Enterprises. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  144. ^ "Japan pop group Arashi's Jun Matsumoto cast as lead for 2023 NHK drama". Kyodo News. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  145. ^ "2023年 大河ドラマ「どうする家康」主演は松本潤さん！". NHK. January 19, 2021. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  146. ^ 一瞬で話題！「どうする家康」板垣李光人の“美少年”井伊直政が初登場 [Instantly become a hot topic! What Will You Do, Ieyasu? Rihito Itagaki’s "beautiful boy" Ii Naomasa appears for the first time]. Cinema Today (in Japanese). 2023-04-22. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
  147. ^ Tsunoda Akio (2023). "【歴人録】登場が待ち遠しい！？徳川四天王の一人・井伊直政はどのように家康と出会ったのか【どうする家康】" [[Rekijinroku] Can't wait for his appearance! How did Naomasa Ii, one of the four great generals of the Tokugawa clan, meet Ieyasu? [What will Ieyasu do?]]. Rekishi-ya. rekishiya. Retrieved 23 June 2024. Reference:
    • *From the official website of the NHK Taiga drama "What will Ieyasu do?"
    • "Kansei Shoshu Shokafu Volume 4" National Diet Library Digital Collections
    • "Tokugawa Jitsuki Volume 1" National Diet Library Digital Collection

Bibliography

edit

Primary sources

edit
  • Taikōki record by Oze Hoan
  • Kansei chōshū sho kafu by Hotta Masaatsu
  • "Ii Naomasa's letters" preserved by Hikone castle
  • Tokugawa Nikki (Diary of Tokugawa}
  • "Ii clan's records" by Ii clan descendants
  • Mikawa Monogatari by Ōkubo Tadachika
  • "Kōyō Gunkan" by Kōsaka Masanobu and Obata Kagenori
  • "Sakakibara clan's records" by Sakakibara clan descendants
  • Han-Kanfu (Domain records)
  • Mikawa Go-fudoki by Hiraiwa Chikayoshi / Hosoi Ujinori.
edit
Preceded by
none
 Daimyō of Takasaki
1590–1600 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
none
 Daimyō of Hikone
1600–1602 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Ii_Naomasa&oldid=1260446408"