The Huron-Wendat Nation (or Huron-Wendat First Nation) is an Iroquoian-speaking nation that was established in the 17th century. In the French language, used by most members of the First Nation, they are known as the Nation Huronne-Wendat. The French gave the nickname Huron to the Wendat, from the French word hure meaning 'boar's head' because of the hairstyle of Huron men, who had their hair standing in bristles on their heads.[1] Wendat (Quendat) was their confederacy name, meaning 'people of the island' or 'dwellers on a peninsula'.[1]
Huron-Wendat Nation | |
|---|---|
| Nation Huronne-Wendat - Wendake | |
 Seal | |
| Established | Huron-British Treaty of 1760 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Huron-Wendat Nation Council |
| • Grand Chief | Pierre Picard |
| • Family Chiefs | Dave Laveau, Denis Bastien, Carlo Gros-Louis, René W. Picard, Stéphane Picard, Daniel Sioui, William Romain, Jean-Mathieu Sioui |
| Population (May 2022) | |
| • Total | 4,605 |
| Time zone | EDT DST |
| Website | https://wendake.ca/ |
The nation inhabited the area between Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay, historically known as Wendake (Huronia), conquered and devastated in the 17th century Beaver Wars, which prompted the surviving Hurons to move east to Quebec, under French protection.[2] It now has two communities and reserves, Wendake 7 and Wendake 7A, at Wendake, Quebec, a municipality now enclosed within Quebec City in Canada.
The 1760 Huron–British North American Peace Treaty, lost in 1824 but rediscovered in the 1990s, showed that a large chunk of land named Seigneurie de Sillery (now part of Quebec City) was sold to the Hurons in 1760 by the Jesuits. Therefore, the Huron-Wendats have a contemporary claim to this valuable land.[3]
Today, Wendake tourism is the main economic drive, which includes a developed historic sector, a residential district and an industrial zone.[2] As of April 2022, registered members of the Huron-Wendat Nation in Wendake, Quebec consists of 4,578 members.[4]
History
editIn the late 16th century, Wendat Confederacy was formed to defend against their common enemy, which was the Iroquois Confederacy. Wendat Confederacy consisted of four allied nations, including Attinniaoenten (Bear), Atingeennonniahak (Cords), Arendaenronnon (Rock), Atahontaenrat (Deer) and Ataronchronon (Bog). However, the last group Ataronchronon (Bog) may have been a division of the Attinniaoenten (Bear) since they may have not attained full membership.[5]
Due to diseases introduced by the Europeans and a lack of firearms, in 1648 to 1650, the Wendat Confederacy was defeated by the Iroquois Confederacy. After that, Huron refugees joined with the neighboring Tionontati tribe to form Wyandot, which was a corrupted form of Wendat Confederacy.[6]
August 27, 1999, Wendat Confederacy was reaffirmed by signing a document with their mothers blood: The Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma (United States), Wyandot Nation of Kansas (United States), the Wyandot of Anderdon Nation (Michigan, United States) and the Huron Wendat of Wendake (Quebec, Canada).[7]
Demographics
editBefore the 16th century, the Huron-Wendat's population was approximately 20,000 to 25,000 people. However, when diseases were brought by the Europeans around 1634 to 1642, particularly measles, influenza and smallpox, their population reduced significantly to about 9,000 people.[1] Today, as of April 2022, the number of registered members of the Huron-Wendat Nation in Wendake, Quebec consists of 4,578 members.[8]
In the United States, there are around 5,900 people that are identified as Wyandot or Wyandotte, currently enrolling as members of the federally recognized Wyandotte Nation that has a headquarter in Wyandotte, Oklahoma.
Language
editWendat or Huron was the spoken language of the Huron-Wendat Nation in Quebec, Canada and some parts of Oklahoma in the United States, and it was traditionally spoken by Wyandot, Wyandotte or Huron people.[9] The language was closely related to the Iroquois language.
Wyandot (or sometimes known as Wandat) is considered as a sister language to the Wendat language that was previously used in the Huron-Wendat Confederacy. Some linguists saw this as a dialect or a modern form of the Wendat language. It was reported that the language is mostly used in Oklahoma, United States.
Around the second half of the 19th century, Wendat died out because there was no living speakers. However, in the 1970s and 1980s, attempts were being made to revive the dormant language by using historical dictionaries and manuscripts from Recollet and Jesuit missionaries.[10] In 2010, the Wendat Community of Quebec and the Wyandot Nation of Oklahoma have been teaching Wendat and Wyandot (the dialect of Wendat) to their community members, respectively.[11]
Government
editVillage, tribe and confederacy made up the basic level of government system in the Huron-Wendat Nation. At the village level, there were several chiefs to represent different clans, and each chief had different status (e.g.: civil or war chief). Most of their status were inherited, but they could fight for that or being appointed by older women of the lineage. The chief organized a council meeting to discuss about current issues within the village, and men and women were welcomed to give opinions. The meeting for the Huron-Wendat Confederacy happened once a year.[12]
Jesuit Father Lallemant, noted of the Wendat in 1644:
"I do not believe that there is any people on earth freer than they, and less able to allow the subjection of their wills to any power whatever – so much so that Fathers here have no control over their children, or Captains over their subjects, or the Laws of the country over any of them, except in so far as each is pleased to submit to them. There is no punishment which is inflicted on the guilty, and no criminal who is not sure that his life and property are in no danger"[13]
Social organization
editThe Wendats were a matrilineal society in which status and property were inherited through the women's line. Property, clan membership and position could potentially be passed down.[12]
Clan system
editSimilar to other Iroquois nations, Wendat society used a matrilineal clan system which has clans named after certain animals. There are eight matrilineal clans: Turtle, Wolf, Bear, Beaver, Deer, Hawk, Porcupine, and Snake. In order to unify, each person in each clan, no matter their nation or village, was seen as related. Thus, people would have to marry a person outside of their clan.[14]
Economy
editAbout 70% of the area north and west of Lake Simcoe and south and east of Georgian Bay, where the Huron-Wendat nation occupied, was agricultural land. Because of this, most Huron-Wendat were farmers, and their economy was based on horticulture by growing maize, beans and squash. The Huron (Wyandotte) lived in Ontario near the northern limit of where agriculture was feasible and had less fertile soils than many other regions to the south and west. Nevertheless, with polyculture (practiced predominantly with the Three Sisters), they produced surpluses for trading with nearby non-agricultural peoples.[15]
As the Iroquois and other Native Americans did not plow their land, a team of scholars (Mt. Pleasant and Burt) concluded that their lands retained more organic matter and thus were higher in yields of maize than early Euro-American farms in North America. [16]
Culture
editHousing
editSimilar to other Iroquoian-speaking people, the Huron built in longhouses that had a rectangular shape with rounded roofs that were covered by bark panels. These houses were built to serve as homes for extended families.[17]
Clothing
editWendat clothing was mostly made from deer and beaver hides.[18] Their clothes were very decorative by using porcupine quills, feathers, and wampum, and red was the most favourite colour in their culture.[19]
Men wore loincloths and moccasins on their feet, and in the winter, they wore sleeves and a cloak made of fur. On their backs, they wore fire pouches so that they could carry tobacco pipes, charms and personal belongings. Wendat men tended to smoke, so it was common for them to carry a pipe. Women wore the same thing as men, but instead of loincloths, they wore skirts.[19]
-
Embroidered moccasins
Media
editBook
editThe book, Revisiting 1759, was written by author Thomas Peace and published by the University of Toronto Press in 2012. In chapter 6, Peace talks about how Huron-Wendat Nation responded to changes that happened during the conquest of Quebec from 1697 to 1791.[20]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Huron-Wendat". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ a b "Huron-Wendats". www.quebec.ca. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ "Revendications territoriales de la nation Huronne" Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, La Nation des Autochtones, reprint.
- ^ Branch, Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Communications (November 14, 2008). "First Nation Profiles". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Huron-Wendat in Wendake". The Story of Ste. Marie II. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ "Tionontati | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ "Wyandot Nation of Kansas Website". www.wyandot.org. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ Branch, Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Communications (2008-11-14). "First Nation Profiles". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Wendat Dialects and the Development of the Huron Alliance". www.wyandot.org. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ "Wendat".
- ^ Deer, Ka’nhehsí:io (December 21, 2019). "'It's a big dream but we need dreamers': Reawakening the dormant Wendat language".
- ^ a b "Lifeways - Wendat". 1704.deerfield.history.museum. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ Graeber, David; Wengrow, David (2021). The Dawn of Everything. Signal. p. 54. ISBN 9780241402450.
- ^ "Huron Government and Law | Native American Netroots". Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ Hart, John P.; Feranec, Robert S. (April 8, 2020). "Using Maize values to assess soil fertility in fifteenth and sixteenth and Iroquoian agricultural fields". PLOS ONE. 15 (4): e0230952. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230952. PMC 7141618. PMID 32267852.
- ^ Mt. Pleasant, Jane; Burt, Robert F. (2010). "Estimating Productivity of Traditional Iroquoian Cropping Systems from Field Experiments and Historical Literature". Journal of Ethnobiology. 30 (1): 54. doi:10.2993/0278-0771-30.1.52. S2CID 85696505. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ "Longhouse | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ "Huron Tribe: Facts, Clothes, Food and History ***". www.warpaths2peacepipes.com. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ a b "Ontario Urania Historical Parks Sainte-Marie among the Huron's". www.saintemarieamongthehurons.on.ca. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ de Gruyter GmbH, Walter. "The Slow Process of Conquest: Huron-Wendat Responses to the Conquest of Quebec, 1697–1791". doi:10.3138/9781442699151-007.
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External links
edit- Official site of the Huron-Wendat Nation (in French)