Hunchun (simplified Chinese: 珲春; traditional Chinese: 琿春; pinyin: Húnchūn; Chosŏn'gŭl: 혼춘) is a county-level city in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture within Jilin province to the far east. It borders North Hamgyong Province in North Korea and Primorsky Krai in Russia, has over 250,000 inhabitants, and covers 5,145 square kilometers.[2][3] The site of the eastern capital of the Balhae Kingdom between 785 and 793, Donggyeong, was located here.
Hunchun
珲春市 · 훈춘시 Hun-ch'un | |
|---|---|
 A street in Hunchun | |
 Hunchun in Yanbian | |
  Hunchun Location of the city center in Jilin | |
| Coordinates: 42°51′47″N 130°21′58″E / 42.863°N 130.366°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Jilin |
| Prefecture | Yanbian |
| Seat | Xin'an Subdistrict |
| Area | |
| 5,145.4 km2 (1,986.7 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 125.39 km2 (48.41 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 41 m (135 ft) |
| Population (2017)[1] | |
| 271,000 | |
| • Density | 53/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 216,300 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 133300 |
| Hunchun | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 珲春市 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 琿春市 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Chinese Korean name | |||||||
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 혼춘시 | ||||||
| |||||||
| South Korean name | |||||||
| Hangul | 훈춘시 | ||||||
| |||||||
The city's name Hunchun comes from Huncun in Manchu language. (Manchu: ᡥᡠᠨᠴᡠᠨ, Möllendorff: huncun, Abkai: hunqun).[4] The city and the village Fangchuan is located near the point of junction of the borders of China, Russia, and North Korea; provided with an observation platform, it is a popular tourist attraction.[5]
Administrative divisions
editHunchun has four subdistricts, four towns, and five townships.[6]
Subdistricts:
- Xin'an Subdistrict (新安街道 / 신안가도)
- Jinghe Subdistrict (靖和街道 / 정화가도)
- Henan Subdistrict (河南街道 / 하남가도)
- Jinhai Subdistrict (近海街道 / 근해가도)
Towns:
Townships:
- Hadamen Township (哈达门乡 / 합달문향)
- Machuanzi Township (马川子乡 / 마천자향)
- Mihong Township (密江乡 / 밀강향)
- Sanjiazi Manchu Ethnic Township (三家子满族乡 / 삼가자 만주족 향)
- Yangbaozi Manchu Ethnic Township (杨泡子满族乡 / 양포자 만주족 향)
Climate
edit| Climate data for Hunchun (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
33.6 (92.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
36.9 (98.4) |
35.6 (96.1) |
36.2 (97.2) |
31.3 (88.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
36.9 (98.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −5.1 (22.8) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.8 (80.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
4.8 (40.6) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
12.6 (54.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.5 (13.1) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
0.2 (32.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
13.1 (55.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
6.8 (44.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.2 (4.6) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
1.6 (34.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
11.6 (52.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
2.0 (35.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.7 (−17.9) |
−27.9 (−18.2) |
−24.1 (−11.4) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.9 (48.0) |
8.7 (47.7) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−21.2 (−6.2) |
−23.4 (−10.1) |
−27.9 (−18.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 8.9 (0.35) |
8.4 (0.33) |
14.2 (0.56) |
31.5 (1.24) |
76.4 (3.01) |
83.6 (3.29) |
136.5 (5.37) |
122.9 (4.84) |
76.3 (3.00) |
37.3 (1.47) |
21.8 (0.86) |
8.8 (0.35) |
626.6 (24.67) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.3 | 3.1 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 13.4 | 14.4 | 15.1 | 14.2 | 9.5 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 98.9 |
| Average snowy days | 3.8 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 25.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 53 | 52 | 54 | 58 | 69 | 80 | 84 | 81 | 75 | 64 | 59 | 56 | 65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 189.9 | 197.2 | 230.6 | 220.5 | 213.6 | 179.3 | 161.4 | 178.8 | 217.3 | 212.5 | 169.5 | 169.1 | 2,339.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 65 | 66 | 62 | 55 | 47 | 39 | 35 | 42 | 59 | 63 | 59 | 61 | 54 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[7][8] | |||||||||||||
Economy
editSince the early 1990s, the Chinese government invested significantly in transforming Hunchun into a regional economic center, thanks in large part to the influence of the former Jilin governor Wang Zhongyu, whose work with Zhu Rongji allowed him to become the first head of China's State Economic and Trade Commission.[9] On 9 March 1992 the Chinese parliament approved to set up Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone. The national government and Jilin provincial government have invested in succession over four billion yuan in Hunchun through the 1990s.[10]
On 16 March 2013, a joint agreement to export textiles to North Korea was announced.[11][12] The textiles would be made into up to 8,000 shirts in North Korea and exported back to China.[11][12]
Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone was approved to be national-level border economic cooperation zone in 1992, with a planning area of 24 km2 (9.3 sq mi). In 2002 and 2001, Hunchun Export Processing Zone and Hunchun Sino-Russia Trade Zone was set up in it. Being located in the junction of China, Russia, and Korea, it enjoys a strategic location. The city focuses on the development of sea food processing, electronic product manufacture, bio-pharmacy, textile industry and other industries.[13]
Hunchun Export Processing Zone is located in 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) area in Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone. Its planned area is 2.44 km2 (0.94 sq mi). It enjoys good infrastructure and policies as its parent zone does.[14]
Transport
editIn the early 1990s, Jilin province government constructed a railway and improved the highway to Hunchun. The Tumen River Bridge connects between Hunchun and the North Korean village of Wonjeong (원정) in Sonbong. The bridge was built during the Japanese occupation in 1938. In 2010 the bridge was renovated as part of an agreement between North Korea and China to modernize the Rason port in North Korea.[15] In addition, a new railway line was constructed which links Hunchun and Makhalino (a station on the Ussuriysk-Khasan line, 41 km (25 mi) before Khasan) in Russia and began operating in February 2000.[16] Hunchun port is 42 km (26 mi) from Posyet and 63 km (39 mi) from Zarubino port towns of Russia.
The Jilin–Hunchun intercity railway, a 250-km/h high-speed passenger rail line from Jilin to Hunchun via Tumen (吉图珲铁路客运专线), began construction work in January 2011, and was scheduled and finished at the end of September 2015.[17][18] The railway has been described as "Dongbei's most beautiful railway" (due to the terrain it runs through) and "the fastest way to Vladivostok" (4 hours by train from Shenyang to Hunchun, plus four hours by bus from Hunchun to Vladivostok).[19] Reflecting the border location of the city, the train station has its sign in four languages: Chinese, Korean, Russian, and English.[5]
Sister Cites
edit
References
edit- ^ a b Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 50. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ North Korean Economy Watch > News and analysis of the North Korean economy[permanent dead link]
- ^ "News and analysis of the North Korean economy : Koryolink continues to expand customer base". North Korean Economy Watch. November 17, 2009.
- ^ Emperor of Qing Dynasty (1771). 御製增訂清文鑑·卷十·人部一人類一·滿洲 [Enlarged and Revised Manchu Dictionary written by the Emperor of Qing (han -i araha nonggime toktobuha manju gisun -i buleku bithe, juwanci debtelin, niyalmai šošohon uju, niyalmai hacin uju, manju, 4-ci afaha)] (in Manchu). Vol. 10, Human-beings 1. p. 4.
- ^ a b Schmitz, Rob (November 16, 2015). "China's Frontier Towns > China bets big on border town with Russia, North Korea". Minnesota Public Radio.
- ^ 延边朝鲜族自治州-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org (in Chinese (China)). xzqh.org. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ Cotton, James (Nov 1996), "China and Tumen River Cooperation: Jilin's Coastal Development Strategy", Asian Survey, vol. 36, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1086–1101.
- ^ "A survey of Hunchun". Office of the TCDC/ECDC Network in China. Archived from the original on 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
- ^ a b Rank, Michael (March 16, 2013). "China signs first offshore processing agreement with North Korea". NK Economic Watch. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ^ a b 吉林对朝出境加工业务运行 (in Chinese). IDPRKorea.com. 2013-03-07. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
- ^ RightSite.asia | Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone
- ^ RightSite.asia | Hunchun Export Processing Zone
- ^ Bridge on China-North Korea border being renovated Archived 2010-04-19 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kawamura, Kazumi. "Nine Transportation Corridors in Northeast Asia and Their Discontinuous Points". The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia. Archived from the original on 2014-05-06. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
- ^ "吉珲铁路客运专线开工 孙政才宣布工程开". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
- ^ 吉图珲铁路有望7月试运行. 2015-04-16.
- ^ "吉图珲高铁今试跑 国庆有望通车 - 火车票网".
- ^ http://wb.jl.gov.cn/yhcs_85472/201910/t20191018_6115233.html [bare URL]
