Wikipedia

Homunculus (genus)

Homunculus (Latin: [hɔˈmʊŋkʊlʊs]; "little person") is an extinct genus of New World monkey that lived in Patagonia during the Miocene. Two species are known: Homunculus patagonicus[3][2][4] and Homunculus vizcainoi, which are known from material found in the Santa Cruz Formation in the far south of Argentina.[1]

Homunculus
Temporal range: Early-Mid Miocene (Santacrucian-Mayoan)
17.5–11.6 Ma
Homunculus patagonicus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Platyrrhini
Genus: †Homunculus
Ameghino, 1891
Type species
Homunculus patagonicus
Ameghino, 1891
Other Species

Homunculus vizcainoi Kay & Perry, 2019[1]

Synonyms[2]
Synonyms of H. patagonicus
  • †Anthropops perfectus Ameghino, 1891
  • †Pitheculus australis Ameghino, 1891
  • †Ecphantodon ceboides Mercerat, 1891
  • †Stilotherium grande Ameghino, 1894
  • †Homunculus ameghinoi Bluntschli, 1931
  • †Homunculus grandis Hershkovitz, 1981

Taxonomy

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Early history

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The holotype of Homunculus patagonicus (MACN-A 634), a partial skull, was discovered around the Río Gallegos, though more specific details of its provenance have never been given.[2] It is likely, from its location, that the holotype originates from strata belonging to the Santa Cruz Formation.[1] At some point prior to 1891, it entered the collection of palaeontologist Carlos Ameghino and in that year it was described by his brother, Florentino.[5] At some point, MACN-A 634 was lost. It was, in 2008, replaced with a neotype, MACN-A 575.[2] A second Homunculus, H. vizcainoi, also from the Santa Cruz Formation, was described in 2019.[1]

Synonyms

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In the same year as Florentino Ameghino's paper, Swiss geologist and palaeontologist Alcides Mercerat described an incomplete mandibular fragment, bearing part of a molar. He dubbed the specimen Ecphantodon ceboides.[6] However, E. ceboides was treated by Ameghino as indistinguishable from Homunculus, and he opted to synonymise the two. The type specimen of E. ceboides has been lost.[2] In the paper describing H. patagonicus, Florentino Ameghino also named Anthropops perfectus, which he distinguished based on purported characteristics of the mandible and lower canine, and Pitheculus australis. In 1894, he named Stilotherium grande, which he suggested to be a marsupial.[7] However, subsequent authors, like Osvaldo A. Reig, disagreed with this assessment,[8] and 1981, Philip Hershkovitz determined that it belonged to Homunculus. Hershkovitz erected a new species, H. grandis.[9] Even in the absence of the holotype, further specimens have been assigned to H. patagonicus. Notable among these is MACN-A 5968, the left side of a partial skull, recovered from Puesto Estancia La Costa.[2] In 2008, a genus-level revision of Homunculus was carried out, whereupon it was concluded that Anthropops, Pitheculus and Stilotherium were all junior synonyms of Homunculus.[2] Some authors consider Killikaike blakei to be a junior synonym for H. patagonicus,[10][1] but others consider the species distinct.[11]

Classification

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Some studies have regarded Homunculus as a crown group platyrhine and a member of the family Pitheciidae, possibly belonging to a tribe of its own (Homuncilini),[2] while other studies have regarded it as a stem-group platyrhine outside any modern group. The latter is supported by the morphology of its nasal turbinates, which are dissimilar to those of crown-group platyrhines.[12]

Description

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H. patagonicus was a robustly built, quadrupedal primate, with body mass estimates varying between 1.4 and 5.9 kg (3.1 and 13.0 lb) based on different techniques.[13] The interorbital region, the portion of the skull between the orbits (eye sockets) was wide, similar to in titi monkeys (Callicebinae). The frontal bone was unvaulted, unlike modern capuchin monkeys (Cebinae). The maxillary sinus was relatively large, and the nasals were quite wide. The premaxilla was fairly procumbent. The main body of the mandible, the corpus, was deeper posteriorly (towards the rear), similar to in douroucoulis (Aotus). The tooth rows converged anteriorly (towards the front). The incisors were narrow and fairly high crowned. The second premolar is wedge-shaped, compressed transversely (across) and has a large honing facet (wear pattern) from the upper canine. The molars have fairly long talonids, and the trigonids were short, especially in the first molar.[2] Dental wear patterns suggest that Homunculus was primarily frugivorous.[14] The postcrania have a few attributes indicating a relatively basal position, such as the form of its nasal turbinates[12] and an epidoncylar foramen. The radius was similar to modern cebids, and could rotate freely.[15]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Kay, R. F.; Perry, J. M. G. (2019). "New primates from the Río Santa Cruz and Río Bote (Early-Middle Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina". Publicacion Electronica de la Asociacion Paleontologica Argentina. 19 (2): 230–238. doi:10.5710/peapa.24.08.2019.289.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (2008). "A neotype for Homunculus patagonicus Ameghino, 1891, and a new interpretation of the taxon" (PDF). PaleoAnthropology (2008): 68–82. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  3. ^ "Homunculus patagonicus". The Primata. 16 November 2001. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  4. ^ Jonathan M.G. Perry; Richard F. Kay; Sergio F. Vizcaíno; M. Susana Bargo (2014). "Oldest known cranium of a juvenile New World monkey (Early Miocene, Patagonia, Argentina): Implications for the taxonomy and the molar eruption pattern of early platyrrhines" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 74: 67–81. Bibcode:2014JHumE..74...67P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.009. hdl:10161/10782. PMID 25081638.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ Ameghino, Florentino (1891). "Nuevos restos de mamíferos fósiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. — Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones". Revista argentina de historia natural. 1: 289––328.
  6. ^ Mercerat, Alcides (1891). "Sobre la presencia de restos de monos en el Eóceno de Patagonia". Revista del Museo de La Plata (in Spanish). 2.
  7. ^ Ameghino, Florentino; Ameghino, Florentino (1894). Énumération synoptique des espèces de mammifères fossiles des formations éocènes de Patagonie. Buenos Aires: Imp. de P.E. Coni é hijos.
  8. ^ Reig, Osvaldo A. (1955-01-01). "Un nuevo género y especie de cenolestinos del Plioceno de la provincia de Buenos Aires, República Argentina". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina (in Spanish). 10 (1): 60–71. ISSN 1851-8249.
  9. ^ Hershkovitz, Philip (1981-01-31). "Comparative Anatomy of Platyrrhine Mandibular Cheek Teeth dpm4, pm4, m1 with Particular Reference to Those of Homunculus (Cebidae), and Comments on Platyrrhine Origins". Folia Primatologica. 35 (2–3): 179–217. doi:10.1159/000155972. ISSN 1421-9980.
  10. ^ Perry, Jonathan M.G.; Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana (September 2014). "Oldest known cranium of a juvenile New World monkey (Early Miocene, Patagonia, Argentina): Implications for the taxonomy and the molar eruption pattern of early platyrrhines". Journal of Human Evolution. 74: 67–81. Bibcode:2014JHumE..74...67P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.009. hdl:10161/10782. PMID 25081638.
  11. ^ Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F; Serrano-Serrano, Martha L; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Höhna, Sebastian; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2019-01-01). Savolainen, Vincent (ed.). "Early Arrival and Climatically-Linked Geographic Expansion of New World Monkeys from Tiny African Ancestors". Systematic Biology. 68 (1): 78–92. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syy046. ISSN 1063-5157. PMC 6292484. PMID 29931325.
  12. ^ a b Lundeen, Ingrid K.; Kay, Richard F. (June 2022). "Unique nasal turbinal morphology reveals Homunculus patagonicus functionally converged on modern platyrrhine olfactory sensitivity". Journal of Human Evolution. 167: 103184. Bibcode:2022JHumE.16703184L. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103184. PMID 35462071. S2CID 248328939.
  13. ^ Perry, J.M.G.; Cookea, S.B.; Runestad Connour, J.A.; Burgess, M.L.; Ruff, C.B. (2018). "Articular scaling and body mass estimation in platyrrhines and catarrhines: Modern variation and application to fossil anthropoids". Journal of Human Evolution. 115 (13): 20–35. Bibcode:2018JHumE.115...20P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.10.008. PMID 29150186. S2CID 3545389.
  14. ^ Li, Peishu; Morse, Paul E.; Kay, Richard F. (July 2020). "Dental topographic change with macrowear and dietary inference in Homunculus patagonicus". Journal of Human Evolution. 144: 102786. Bibcode:2020JHumE.14402786L. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102786. PMID 32402847.
  15. ^ Scott, William Berryman (1913). A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere. Smithsonian Libraries. New York, The MacMillan Company.
 

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