The Hokkaido Shinkansen (北海道新幹線, Hokkaidō Shinkansen) is a Japanese high-speed Shinkansen rail line that links up with the Tōhoku Shinkansen in northern Aomori Prefecture in Honshu and continues on into the interior of Hokkaido through the undersea Seikan Tunnel. Construction started in May 2005; the initial Shin-Aomori to Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto section opened on 26 March 2016.[2] The section of the line to Sapporo is scheduled to open by fiscal year 2030.[3] The line is operated by the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido).[4]
| Hokkaido Shinkansen | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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 An H5 series Shinkansen undergoing testing in November 2015 | |||
| Overview | |||
| Native name | 北海道新幹線 | ||
| Status | Operational | ||
| Owner |  JRTT | ||
| Locale | Aomori Prefecture and Hokkaido, Japan | ||
| Termini | |||
| Stations | 4 | ||
| Color on map | (#9ACD32) | ||
| Service | |||
| Type | High-speed rail (Shinkansen) | ||
| System | Shinkansen | ||
| Services | Hayabusa, Hayate | ||
| Operator(s) |  JR Hokkaido | ||
| Rolling stock | E5 series, H5 series | ||
| Ridership | 2.11 million (FY 2016)[1] | ||
| History | |||
| Opened | 26 March 2016 (Shin-Aomori - Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto) | ||
| Technical | |||
| Line length | 148.8 km (92.5 mi) 360.6 km (224.1 mi) (2030) | ||
| Number of tracks | Double-track | ||
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge | ||
| Minimum radius | 4,000 m (2.5 mi; 13,000 ft) (Most) 6,500 m (4.0 mi; 21,300 ft) (Seikan Tunnel) | ||
| Electrification | 25 kV 50 Hz AC (overhead line) | ||
| Operating speed | 260 km/h (162 mph) Through the Seikan Tunnel: 160 km/h (100 mph) 260 km/h (162 mph) (during major holidays) | ||
| Signalling | Cab signalling | ||
| Train protection system | DS-ATC | ||
| Maximum incline | 2.08% (current) 3.0% (under construction) | ||
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Associated actions
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In preparation for the opening of the Hokkaido Shinkansen, the Seikan Tunnel (Kaikyō Line) and associated approaches (approximately 82 km or 51 mi in total)[5] were converted to dual gauge, with both the Shinkansen 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard and 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge tracks.[6]
Upon the opening of the Shinkansen line the section of the conventional (narrow gauge) Esashi Line approximately paralleling the same route between Goryōkaku and Kikonai was transferred from the control of JR Hokkaido to a newly established third-sector railway operating company, South Hokkaido Railway Company, becoming the Isaribi Line.[7]
Operations
editService types
editTwo train service types operate on the Hokkaido Shinkansen: limited-stop Hayabusa services between Tokyo or Sendai and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto, and semi-fast Hayate services between Morioka or Shin-Aomori and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto.
Under the initial timetable, ten return Hayabusa services operate daily between Tokyo and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto and one return service operates daily between Sendai and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto. One return Hayate service operates daily between Morioka and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto, and one return service daily operates between Shin-Aomori and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto.[8]
Operating speed
editUpon commencement of services in 2016 the maximum speed on the approximately 82 km (51 mi) dual gauge section of the Hokkaido Shinkansen (including through the Seikan Tunnel) was 140 km/h (85 mph), increased to 160 km/h (99 mph) in March 2019.[9] There are approximately 50 freight trains using the dual gauge section each day, so limiting the travel of such trains to times outside of Shinkansen services is not an option. Because of this and other weather-related factors cited by JR East and JR Hokkaido, the fastest journey time between Tokyo and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto is currently 3 hours, 57 minutes.
During the 2020-21 New Year Holiday period when fewer freight trains were operating, certain Shinkansen services were operated at 210 km/h (130 mph) on the dual gauge section and this was proposed again for the Golden Week Holiday period from 3–6 May 2021.[9][needs update]
This raising of the maximum speed during major travel periods has been repeated every year since. In January 2024, JR Hokkaido announced that the speed would be raised to 260 km/h (160 mph))[10] during major holidays going forward.
To achieve the full benefit of Shinkansen trains travelling on the dual gauge section at 260 km/h (160 mph) (the maximum speed proposed through the tunnel), alternatives are being considered, such as a system to automatically slow Shinkansen trains to 200 km/h (125 mph) when passing narrow-gauge trains, and/or loading freight trains onto special "Train on Train" standard-gauge trains (akin to a covered piggyback flatcar train) built to withstand the shock wave of oncoming Shinkansen trains traveling at full speed. This would enable a travel time from Tokyo to Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto of 3 hours and 45 minutes, a saving of 12 minutes on the current timetable.
In May 2019, JR Hokkaido announced that it had requested permission from the MLIT to increase the speed limit on the 212 km (132 mi) of new track to be constructed between Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto and Sapporo to 320 km/h (200 mph).[11] This would involve the extension of buffers on about 170 km (110 mi) of tunnels, installation of sound barriers on about 30 km (19 mi) of the remaining 42 km (26 mi) of surface track and strengthening of viaducts.
Effects of winter weather on train operation
editOperating in areas that see significant snowfall during the winter months, accumulation of snow has effects on various train operations. It can cause damage to equipment or can cause a moving train to miss a switch. In particular, accretion of snow in the bogies of the train has been shown to be significant, causing damage or causing schedule delays. Methods have been used to estimate snow accumulation on trains running up to 130 km/h (81 mph), and newer estimates based on weather data can predict accumulation of up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in bogies upon arrival at a station.[12]
The winter season also adversely impacts the occupancy rates of the rail line, with recorded occupancy reaching a low of 19% in the months of January and February.[13]
Stations
editLegend:
| ● | All trains stop |
|---|---|
| ▲ | Some trains stop |
| Station | Japanese | Distance from Shin-Aomori (km) |
Distance from Tokyo (km) |
Hayabusa | Hayate | Transfers | Location | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opened 26 March 2016 | ||||||||
| ↑ Through services towards Tokyo via the Tohoku Shinkansen ↑ | ||||||||
| Shin-Aomori | 新青森 | 0.0 | 674.9 | ● | ● |
|
Aomori | Aomori |
| Okutsugaru-Imabetsu | 奥津軽いまべつ | 38.5 | 713.4 | ▲ | ● | Imabetsu | ||
 Seikan Tunnel
| ||||||||
| Kikonai | 木古内 | 113.3 | 788.2 | ▲ | ● | Kikonai | Hokkaido | |
| Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto | 新函館北斗 | 148.8 | 823.7 | ● | ● | Hokuto | ||
| Under construction (Scheduled to open from fiscal 2030) | ||||||||
| Shin-Yakumo[* 1] | 新八雲 | 203.0 | 877.9 | Yakumo | Hokkaido | |||
| Oshamambe | 長万部 | 235.9 | 910.8 |
|
Oshamambe | |||
| Kutchan | 倶知安 | 290.3 | 965.2 |
|
Kutchan | |||
| Shin-Otaru[* 1] | 新小樽 | 328.3 | 1003.2 | Otaru | ||||
| Sapporo | 札幌 | 360.6 | 1035.5 |
|
Kita-ku, Sapporo | |||
Rolling stock
editAll services are formed of 10-car JR East E5 or JR Hokkaido H5 series trainsets.[8]
In February 2014, JR Hokkaido placed an order for four 10-car H5 Series Shinkansen trainsets for use on Hokkaido Shinkansen services from March 2016.[14] Based on the E5 series trainsets operated by JR East since 2011, the order for 40 vehicles cost approximately 18 billion yen.[14] The first two sets of the order are scheduled to be delivered to Hakodate Depot by road from Hakodate Port in October 2014, with test running commencing before the end of the year.[15] The remaining two sets on order were scheduled to be delivered in 2015.[15] The vehicles feature the usual upper green and lower white livery, with a purple stripe in the middle. The color purple was chosen to represent the purple flowers of Hokkaido: lilacs, lupine and lavender. Inside, the ordinary-class cars feature wood paneling and carpet with a snowflake motif. Green class features cream-colored walls representing the local dairy industry and carpet with a drift-ice motif. Gran class features dark blue carpets, said to be modeled after the shimmering lakes and bodies of water along the route.[16]
-
A JR East E5 series train in May 2022 -
A JR Hokkaido H5 series train in June 2022
History
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In the early 1970s, two other Shinkansen routes were proposed for Hokkaido: Sapporo – Asahikawa (Hokkaido Shinkansen extension) and Oshamambe – Muroran – Sapporo (Hokkaido South Route). There were also further unofficial plans to connect to Abashiri, Kushiro and Nayoro/Wakkanai. These plans have been indefinitely shelved.
On 1 November 2014, a ceremony was held at Kikonai Station to mark the completion of track-laying for the line between Shin-Aomori and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto.[17] Test-running on the Hokkaido Shinkansen tracks within Hokkaido commenced from 1 December 2014, initially at low speeds, with the speed raised to the maximum of 260 km/h (160 mph) later that month.[18] Test-running was extended through the Seikan Tunnel to Oku-Tsugaru-Imabetsu in December 2014.[19] Test-running south of Oku-Tsugaru-Imabetsu commenced on 21 April 2015, with the first train reaching Shin-Aomori Station from the north in the early hours of 24 May.[19]
Future plans
editJR Hokkaido is extending the Hokkaido Shinkansen from Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto to Sapporo, planned to open by 2030.[3] However, in May 2024, the JRTT reported to the MLIT that it would be 'extremely difficult' to extend the line to Sapporo by 2030.[20] Tunneling work on the 5,265 m (3.272 mi) Murayama Tunnel, situated about 1 kilometer (0.6 mi) north of Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto station commenced in March 2015; it is scheduled to be completed by March 2021.[needs update] The 211.3 km (131.3 mi) extension will be approximately 76% in tunnels, including major tunnels such as Oshima (26.5 km or 16.5 mi), Teine (18.8 km or 11.7 mi) and Shiribeshi (18 km or 11 mi).[21] When the section to Sapporo opens, the estimated journey time from Tokyo to Sapporo will be at most 5 hours and 1 minute, but the goal is for it to be below 4 hours.[22]
References
edit- ^ 国土交通省鉄道輸送統計年報（平成19年度）. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ^ 北海道新幹線開業は来年３月２６日 ＪＲが最終調整 [Hokkaido Shinkansen to open on 26 March next year - JR Hokkaido makes final adjustments]. Doshin (in Japanese). Japan: The Hokkaido Shimbun Press. 12 August 2015. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ a b Ayateru, Hosozawa (8 June 2018). "Next Shinkansen will not only be faster, safer, but save on power". Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 8 June 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ "DPJ may OK three new bullet-train sections". The Japan Times. Japan: The Japan Times Ltd. 17 December 2011. p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ Sato, Yoshihiko (16 February 2016). "Hokkaido Shinkansen prepares for launch". International Railway Journal. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ "First Shinkansen train through the Seikan Tunnel". Railway Gazette. 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ 道南いさりび鉄道、ロゴマークを発表…津軽海峡をモチーフ [South Hokkaido Railway Company unveils logo - Tsugaru Straits motif]. Response (in Japanese). Japan: IID Inc. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ^ a b 北海道新幹線 新青森～新函館北斗間開業に伴う運行計画の概要について [Details of operations following opening of Hokkaido Shinkansen between Sendai and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto] (PDF). News release (in Japanese). Japan: East Japan Railway Company. 16 September 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ^ a b "Seikan tunnel Shinkansen speed-up saves 3 min". Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ "北海道新幹線、青函トンネル内初の260キロ走行 大型連休の5日間". 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "北海道新幹線でも最高320km/hへ…JR北海道が新函館北斗以北の高速化を要請". レスポンス（Response.jp） (in Japanese). 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ KAMATA, Yasushi; SHISHIDO, Masaya; SATO, Ryota (17 November 2021). "Method for Estimating Snow Accretion on Shinkansen Bogies using Weather Data". Quarterly Report of RTRI. 62 (4): 245–250. doi:10.2219/rtriqr.62.4_245. S2CID 244289118.
- ^ Lots of empty seats on Hokkaido Shinkansen, Nikkei Asia (published 26 March 2017), 23 June 2022, archived from the original on 26 July 2023, retrieved 23 June 2022
- ^ a b 北海道新幹線「Ｈ５系」、内装には雪の結晶も [Hokkaido Shinkansen "H5 series" - Interiors to feature snowflake design]. Yomiuri Online (in Japanese). Japan: The Yomiuri Shimbun. 16 April 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ^ a b 北海道新幹線車両、函館港に１０月陸揚げ 今年まず２０両、基地へ陸送 [Hokkaido Shinkansen trains to arrive at Hakodate Port in October with 20 vehicles delivered to depot this year]. Doshin Web (in Japanese). Japan: The Hokkaido Shimbun Press. 19 March 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
- ^ Special Preview: Hokkaido Shinkansen - Hopes and Challenges. NHK. 25 February 2016. Event occurs at 5:00. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
- ^ 北海道新幹線（新青森・新函館北斗間）レール締結式の開催について [Hokkaido Shinkansen rail joining ceremony] (PDF). Press release (in Japanese). Japan: Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency. 19 September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ Suzuki, Katsuichi (1 December 2014). 北海道新幹線:試験走行始まる 下旬には２６０キロで [Hokkaido Shinkansen test running starts - 260 km/h by early December]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Japan: The Mainichi Newspapers. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ a b 北海道新幹線の試験走行、新青森駅に初乗り入れ [Hokkaido Shinkansen test-running reaches Shin-Aomori Station for the first time]. Asahi Shimbun Digital (in Japanese). Japan: The Asahi Shimbun Company. 24 May 2015. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ^ 北海道新幹線の札幌延伸“目標の2030年度末開業 極めて困難” [Hokkaido Shinkansen Sapporo extension “Targeted to open by the end of 2030 is extremely difficult”]. NHK. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
- ^ "Microsoft PowerPoint - 00-2全体概要図ver2 [互換モード]" (PDF). MLIT.
- ^ Press, Jiji. "Shinkansen to get 3 new sections". Daily Yomiuri Online. The Yomiuri Shimbun. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
External links
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- JR Hokkaido: Hokkaido Shinkansen (in Japanese)
- Federation of Hokkaido Chamber of Commerce and Industry (in Japanese)