Histiostoma is a genus of mites in the family Histiostomatidae.[1][2]
| Histiostoma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Ventral surface of Histiostoma feroniarum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Sarcoptiformes |
| Family: | Histiostomatidae |
| Genus: | Histiostoma Kramer, 1876 |
Description
editBoth females and males of Histiostoma have two pairs of genital rings. In females, the anterior pair are positioned laterally between the bases of the second and third leg pairs, while the posterior pair are not associated with the anus. Additionally, in both sexes the pretarsi have ambulacra that are not bilobed. The chelicerae are modified and brush-like.[3]
Like some other astigmatan mites, Histiostoma can form deutonymphs. Deutonymphs have simple empodial claws. The tarsi of the third and fourth leg pairs have a weak, flexible region in the middle. The pretarsi of these leg pairs have empodial claws. The hysterosomal setae c1, d1 and e1 are all filiform. On the ventral surface is an attachment organ which is wider than long.[3]
Ecology
edit
Histiostoma primarily feed on microbes, which they filter from the substrate using their chelicerae.[3]
Various Histiostoma have deutonymphs associated with insects: H. blomquisti with queens of red imported fire ant,[4] H. polypori with the earwig Forficula auricularia,[5][6] and various species (e.g. H. ovalis) with bark beetles[7] or bees.[3]
- Both H. polypori and another species, H. maritimum, exhibit necromeny. In the case of H. polypori, it attaches to adult female earwigs while in its deutonymph stage. When a female earwig produces offspring, most of them die before reaching adulthood. Histiostoma polypori moves onto the cadaver of an earwig nymph, where it feeds on bacteria and develops.[5]
- Histiostoma ovalis is phoretic on the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus, meaning it temporarily attaches to this beetle for transport. It feeds on bacteria in wood mould in galleries of its bark beetle host. It also congregates on and around dead beetles. In rare cases, H. ovalis shows hyperphoresis: attaching to another mite species (Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus) that is itself phoretically attached to the bark beetle.[7]
- Histiostoma inquilinus, one of the bee-associated species, can be found in the acarinarium of Xenoglossa bees. They may benefit the bees by protecting them from microbes, which would make this a case of mutualism.[3]
Histiostoma murchiei and H. berghi are instead parasites of annelid cocoons. The former targets earthworms while the latter targets leeches.[8]
Some members of this genus are aquatic. Species of Histiostoma have been found in water, in debris at the bottom of aquaria, on the gills of eels (H. anguillarum), in the swim bladder of iridescent shark (H. piscium) and on the fins and gills of Murray cod (H. papillata). These may be cases of parasitism.[9]
Reproduction
editDuring mating, the male gets on top of the female, facing in the same direction, and clasps her with his legs.[10]
Males in some Histiostoma species have two distinct forms, with some males being larger and with thicker legs than others. This may be for fighting other males for access to females.[10]
Histiostoma murchiei has an unusual method of reproduction. On reaching adulthood, a female lays 2-9 eggs parthenogenetically, which only produce male offspring. The males develop rapidly to adulthood and mate with their mother 3-4 days after laying. Now fertilised, the female lays up to 500 eggs and these produce female offspring.[8]
Pest status
editHistiostoma laboratorium is a pest of Drosophila melanogaster cultures, even being named for its prevalence in genetics laboratories. It reproduces faster than D. melanogaster and rapidly overruns cultures.[11]
Evolution
editPutative deutonymphs of Histiostoma have been found on a Phloeosinus bark beetle in Baltic amber, meaning this genus' association with bark beetles has existed for at least 44–49 million years.[7]
References
edit- ^ "Mindat.org". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
- ^ Australia, Atlas of Living. "Genus: Histiostoma". bie.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
- ^ a b c d e "Histiostoma | Bee Mite ID". idtools.org. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
- ^ Wirth, S.; Moser, J. C. (2010-09-30). "Histiostoma blomquisti n. sp. (Acari: Astigmata: Histiostomatidae), a phoretic mite of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Acarologia. 50 (3): 357–371. doi:10.1051/acarologia/20101979. ISSN 0044-586X. S2CID 205041.
- ^ a b S. Wirth (December 2009). "Necromenic life style of Histiostoma polypori (Acari: Histiostomatidae)". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 49 (4): 317–327. doi:10.1007/s10493-009-9295-6. PMID 19697142. S2CID 20109475.
- ^ BEHURA, B. K. (1950). "A Little-known Tyroglyphoid Mite, Histiostoma polypori (Oud.), and its Association with the Earwig, Forficula auricularia Linn". Nature. 165 (4208): 1025–1026. doi:10.1038/1651025b0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15439085. S2CID 4161389.
- ^ a b c Wirth, Stefan F.; Garonna, Antonio P. (2015-07-04). "Histiostoma ovalis (Histiostomatidae, Acari) associated with Ips sexdentatus (Scolytinae, Curculionidae, Coleoptera): ecology and mite redescription on the basis of formerly unknown adults and nymphs". International Journal of Acarology. 41 (5): 415–428. doi:10.1080/01647954.2015.1050062. ISSN 0164-7954. S2CID 82307564.
- ^ a b Oliver, James H. (1962). "A Mite Parasitic in the Cocoons of Earthworms". The Journal of Parasitology. 48 (1): 120–123. doi:10.2307/3275424. JSTOR 3275424. PMID 14481811.
- ^ Halliday, Rb; Collins, Ro (2002-04-19). "Histiostoma papillata sp. n. (Acari: Histiostomatidae), a mite attacking fish in Australia". Australian Journal of Entomology. 41 (2): 155–158. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2002.00284.x. ISSN 1326-6756.
- ^ a b Wirth, Stefan (2005-06-01). "Transformations of copulatory structures and observations on the male polyphenism in the phylogeny of the Histiostomatidae (Acari: Astigmata)". International Journal of Acarology. 31 (2): 91–100. doi:10.1080/01647950508683657. ISSN 0164-7954. S2CID 84640018.
- ^ Brown, Russell V. (1965-02-01). "Control of Histiostoma laboratorium in Drosophila Cultures". Journal of Economic Entomology. 58 (1): 156–157. doi:10.1093/jee/58.1.156. ISSN 1938-291X.