The haik (Arabic: حايك) is a traditional women's garment worn in Algeria.[1][2] It can be white or black, though is usually white. It consists of a rectangular fabric covering the whole body,[3] 6 by 2.2 metres (19.7 ft × 7.2 ft) in length, rolled up then held at the waist by a belt and then brought back to the shoulders to be fixed by fibulae.
Etymology
editThe word is borrowed from the Maghrebi Arabic word hayk, which comes from the Arabic verb hāka which means "to weave". First used in French in the form heque (1654), it underwent many variations – hayque (1667), alhaic (1670), eque (1670), haic (1683), hayc (1686). The word haik in French was at first of the feminine gender (1725) and became masculine in 1830.[4]
Origins and description
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The haik is of Arab-Andalusian origin,[5] and present throughout the Maghreb.[6][7] In 1792, the m'laya, a black veil, popular in the eastern part of Algeria, made its appearance to mourn Salah Bey, Bey of Constantine.[8] Made from wool, silk or synthetic silk fabric, the haik succeeded, in a very short time, to spread throughout all regions of the country, but its use was adapted to the socio-cultural specificities of the region. English anthropologist Thomas Athol Joyce describes women's attire of Algeria in his book, Women of all nations, a record of their characteristics, habits, manners, customs and influence (1915):
The dress of Arab women usually consists of a white striped shawl, called a haik, made of coarse or fine stuff according to the social position and wealth of the wearer, which is thrown over the head, and completely veils the user from head to feet. Underneath this haik, arranged across the lower part of the face so that it covers all but the eyes, the bridge of the nose, and a small portion of the forehead left uncovered by the haik, is worn a handkerchief of white linen known as an adjar, which is fastened securely across the face. The costume of Berber women is simpler than that of the Arabs, and consists chiefly of a long tunic-like garment fastened with a girdle round the waist, and a coloured shawl or cloth worn over the shoulders. The women are permitted much greater freedom than among the Arabs, and the all-enveloping veil or haik is not worn. Their ornaments consist chiefly of necklaces, bracelets, chains of gold or beads, ear-rings, and sometimes nose-rings.[9]
One variety of the haik, the haik mrama, became very popular among women for its design, the way it was worn, and the quality of the fabric used by artisans. The haik mrama appeared at the end of the nineteenth century and was worn by urban women of Algiers and its suburbs. This type of veil is often associated with feminine beauty and has inspired many Chaabi poets and singers, who dedicated many of their works to them.[10]
A variation on the haik called the huik was worn from the 14th until the late 19th century in the Netherlands and Belgium, usually black and made of wool or silk. It was worn by women as a protection against bad weather. Later variants were worn during a period of mourning.
Present-day use
edit- In Algeria, the haik tends to be abandoned. However, old women wear it, although rarely.[11]
- In Morocco, the use of haik has all but disappeared, except in the cities of Chefchaouen, Essaouira and Figuig, and rare appearances by old women in Oujda.[12] The color of the haik is black or blue in the cities of Taroudant and Tiznit.
- In Tunisia, the sefseri, a Tunisian variant of haik made of a single piece of cloth that does not cover the face, has been virtually abandoned. However, it is still sometimes traditionally worn,[13] especially by older women.
Gallery
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL. 1987. p. 220. ISBN 90-04-08265-4.
- ^ "The Shroud Over Algeria: Femicide, Islamism and the Hijab". Archived from the original on 2014-01-26. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
- ^ Ambroise Queffélec; Yacine Derradji; Valéry Debov; Dalila Smaali-Dekdouk; Yasmina Cherrad-Benchefra (2002). Le français en Algérie: Lexique et dynamique des langues. Brussels: Duculot. p. 343. ISBN 2-8011-1294-1.
- ^ Alain Rey, Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Le Robert, Paris, 1992 ISBN 2-85036-187-9.
- ^ "Histoire du Hayek". www.daraziza.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
- ^ Hugh Murray (1838). The Encyclopædia of Geography: Comprising a Complete Description of the Earth, Physical, Statistical, Civil, and Political ... Carey, Lea and Blanchard. p. 15.
- ^ "El-Haik, une histoire à découvrir...au musée des arts populaires de Médéa". Al Huffington Post. 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "El Haïk, une étoffe symbole de pureté". dziriya.net. Archived from the original on 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
- ^ Joyce, Thomas Athol (1915). Women of All Nations: A Record of Their Characteristics, Habits, Manners, Customs, and Influence. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 224.
- ^ "The Hayek, A Typical Algerian Heritage". About Algeria | Discover Algeria. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
- ^ "Le haïk, attribut de la femme Algéroise n'est plus | Radio Algérienne". radioalgerie.dz (in French). Retrieved 2022-02-19.
- ^ Fouzia Benzakour; Driss Gaadi; Ambroise Queffélec (2000). Le français au Maroc: Lexique et contacts de langues. Brussels: Duculot. p. 213. ISBN 2-8011-1260-7.
- ^ Ann Jousiffe (2008). Tunisia. New Holland Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-84537-864-6.[permanent dead link]
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