HMGB2

High-mobility group protein B2 also known as high-mobility group protein 2 (HMG-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGB2 gene.

HMGB2
Identifiers
Aliases	HMGB2, HMG2, high mobility group box 2
External IDs	OMIM: 163906; MGI: 96157; HomoloGene: 37582; GeneCards: HMGB2; OMA:HMGB2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 4 (human) Band 4q34.1 Start 173,331,376 bp End 173,334,432 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 8 (mouse) Band 8 B2|8 29.9 cM Start 57,964,941 bp End 57,969,033 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in ventricular zone secondary oocyte amniotic fluid embryo trabecular bone ganglionic eminence bone marrow tibia thymus germinal epithelium Top expressed in tail of embryo genital tubercle ventricular zone granulocyte yolk sac zygote embryo blastocyst embryo morula More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function DNA binding protein domain specific binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity transcription factor binding non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending single-stranded DNA binding damaged DNA binding protein binding four-way junction DNA binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding RAGE receptor binding chemoattractant activity double-stranded DNA binding DNA binding, bending supercoiled DNA binding RNA binding transcription coactivator activity Cellular component cytoplasm nucleoplasm chromosome extracellular region nucleolus perinuclear region of cytoplasm condensed chromosome nucleus extracellular space protein-containing complex Biological process DNA geometric change positive regulation of interferon-beta production nucleosome assembly DNA recombination apoptotic DNA fragmentation male gonad development regulation of transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus immune system process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II response to steroid hormone chromatin organization negative regulation of gene expression transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated chemotaxis response to lipopolysaccharide positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of nuclease activity defense response to Gram-negative bacterium negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors V(D)J recombination spermatogenesis positive regulation of innate immune response cell chemotaxis DNA ligation involved in DNA repair spermatid nucleus differentiation positive regulation of DNA binding innate immune response negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated cellular response to lipopolysaccharide inflammatory response positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation regulation of neurogenesis regulation of stem cell proliferation DNA topological change positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II defense response to Gram-positive bacterium positive chemotaxis chromatin remodeling Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3148 97165 Ensembl ENSG00000164104 ENSMUSG00000054717 UniProt P26583 P30681 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002129 NM_001130688 NM_001130689 NM_008252 NM_001363443 NM_001363444 NM_001363445 RefSeq (protein) NP_001124160 NP_001124161 NP_002120 NP_032278 NP_001350372 NP_001350373 NP_001350374 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 173.33 – 173.33 Mb Chr 8: 57.96 – 57.97 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Function

This gene encodes a member of the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group protein family. The proteins of this family are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this protein is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles. These studies suggest a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. This protein was also reported to be involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand breaks repair and V(D)J recombination.

Further reading

• Alexandre S, Li WW, Lee AS (Dec 1992). "A human HMG2 cDNA with a novel 3'-untranslated region". Nucleic Acids Research. 20 (23): 6413. doi:10.1093/nar/20.23.6413. PMC 334538. PMID 1475204.
• Shirakawa H, Yoshida M (Apr 1992). "Structure of a gene coding for human HMG2 protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (10): 6641–5. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50475-6. PMID 1551873.
• Bernués J, Espel E, Querol E (May 1986). "Identification of the core-histone-binding domains of HMG1 and HMG2". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 866 (4): 242–51. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(86)90049-7. PMID 3697355.
• Zwilling S, König H, Wirth T (Mar 1995). "High mobility group protein 2 functionally interacts with the POU domains of octamer transcription factors". The EMBO Journal. 14 (6): 1198–208. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07103.x. PMC 398197. PMID 7720710.
• Shykind BM, Kim J, Sharp PA (Jun 1995). "Activation of the TFIID-TFIIA complex with HMG-2". Genes & Development. 9 (11): 1354–65. doi:10.1101/gad.9.11.1354. PMID 7797075.
• Paull TT, Haykinson MJ, Johnson RC (Aug 1993). "The nonspecific DNA-binding and -bending proteins HMG1 and HMG2 promote the assembly of complex nucleoprotein structures". Genes & Development. 7 (8): 1521–34. doi:10.1101/gad.7.8.1521. PMID 8339930.
• Wanschura S, Schoenmakers EF, Huysmans C, Bartnitzke S, Van de Ven WJ, Bullrdiek J (Jan 1996). "Mapping of the human HMG2 gene to 4q31". Genomics. 31 (2): 264–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0046. PMID 8824816.
• Nagaki S, Yamamoto M, Yumoto Y, Shirakawa H, Yoshida M, Teraoka H (May 1998). "Non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and 2 enhance ligation reaction of DNA double-strand breaks". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 246 (1): 137–41. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8589. PMID 9600082.
• Boonyaratanakornkit V, Melvin V, Prendergast P, Altmann M, Ronfani L, Bianchi ME, Taraseviciene L, Nordeen SK, Allegretto EA, Edwards DP (Aug 1998). "High-mobility group chromatin proteins 1 and 2 functionally interact with steroid hormone receptors to enhance their DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional activity in mammalian cells". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (8): 4471–87. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.8.4471. PMC 109033. PMID 9671457.
• Yumoto Y, Shirakawa H, Yoshida M, Suwa A, Watanabe F, Teraoka H (Sep 1998). "High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 can function as DNA-binding regulatory components for DNA-dependent protein kinase in vitro". Journal of Biochemistry. 124 (3): 519–27. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022143. PMID 9722660.
• Aidinis V, Bonaldi T, Beltrame M, Santagata S, Bianchi ME, Spanopoulou E (Oct 1999). "The RAG1 homeodomain recruits HMG1 and HMG2 to facilitate recombination signal sequence binding and to enhance the intrinsic DNA-bending activity of RAG1-RAG2". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (10): 6532–42. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.10.6532. PMC 84623. PMID 10490593.
• Butteroni C, De Felici M, Schöler HR, Pesce M (Dec 2000). "Phage display screening reveals an association between germline-specific transcription factor Oct-4 and multiple cellular proteins". Journal of Molecular Biology. 304 (4): 529–40. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4238. PMID 11099378.
• Stros M, Ozaki T, Bacikova A, Kageyama H, Nakagawara A (Mar 2002). "HMGB1 and HMGB2 cell-specifically down-regulate the p53- and p73-dependent sequence-specific transactivation from the human Bax gene promoter". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (9): 7157–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110233200. PMID 11748232.
• Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Lieberman J (Apr 2002). "HMG2 interacts with the nucleosome assembly protein SET and is a target of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protease granzyme A". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22 (8): 2810–20. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.8.2810-2820.2002. PMC 133744. PMID 11909973.
• Dubois T, Howell S, Zemlickova E, Aitken A (Apr 2002). "Identification of casein kinase Ialpha interacting protein partners". FEBS Letters. 517 (1–3): 167–71. Bibcode:2002FEBSL.517..167D. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02614-5. PMID 12062430. S2CID 84792445.
• Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Xu Z, Novina CD, Yoshida A, Pommier Y, Lieberman J (Feb 2003). "Cleaving the oxidative repair protein Ape1 enhances cell death mediated by granzyme A". Nature Immunology. 4 (2): 145–53. doi:10.1038/ni885. PMID 12524539. S2CID 29433133.
• Lv X, Xu DD, Liu DP, Li L, Hao DL, Liang CC (2003). "High-mobility group protein 2 may be involved in the locus control region regulation of the beta-globin gene cluster". Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 80 (6): 765–70. doi:10.1139/o02-164. PMID 12555809.
• Pallier C, Scaffidi P, Chopineau-Proust S, Agresti A, Nordmann P, Bianchi ME, Marechal V (Aug 2003). "Association of chromatin proteins high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 and HMGB2 with mitotic chromosomes". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 14 (8): 3414–26. doi:10.1091/mbc.E02-09-0581. PMC 181577. PMID 12925773.
• Aird KM, Iwasaki O, Kossenkov AV, Tanizawa H, Fatkhutdinov N, Bitler BG, Le L, Alicea G, Yang TL, Johnson FB, Noma K, Zhang R (Oct 2016). "HMGB2 orchestrates the chromatin landscape of senescence-associated secretory phenotype gene loci" (PDF). The Journal of Cell Biology. 215 (3): 325–334. doi:10.1083/jcb.201608026. PMC 5100296. PMID 27799366. Loss of HMGB2 (High-mobility group protein box 2) during senescence blunts SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype) gene expression by allowing for spreading of repressive heterochromatin into SASP gene loci. This correlates with incorporation of SASP gene loci into SAHF (senescence-associated heterochromatin foci), which in turn represses SASP gene expression

External links

• HMGB2+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)