Guarayu (Guarayú: Gwarayú, nyanyanye, ñañañe, guarani'ete) is a Tupian language of Bolivia that is spoken by the Guarayo people who number 23,910 in 2012.[2]
| Guarayu | |
|---|---|
| Gwarayú, nyanyanye, ñañañe, guarani'ete | |
| Native to | Bolivia, Paraguay |
| Region | Santa Cruz, Boquerón |
| Ethnicity | 12,000 (2012)[1] |
Native speakers | 8,400 (2012)[1] |
Tupian
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Bolivia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gyr |
| Glottolog | guar1292 |
| ELP | Guarayu |
The name Guarayu (Gwarayú) is a variant of Guarayo, which when used in a pejorative sense refers to several indigenous peoples in the area with the meaning of 'savage' or 'uncultured'.
The origin of the names is Guara meaning "warrior", and yu "pale" (yellow or white). Compared to other Guarani peoples, the Gwarayú are lighter in colour, and bear a striking resemblance to another Guarani group found in Paraguay the Ache.[citation needed]
There were some 30 speakers of Guarayu in Paraguay as of 2012. [3]
Phonology
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i, ĩ | ɨ, ɨ̃ | u, ũ |
| Mid | e, ẽ | o, õ | |
| Open | a, ã |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | ||||||
| Nasal | central | m | n | ɲ | |||
| post-ploded | mᵇ | nᵈ | |||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | |
| pre-ploded | ᶢw | ||||||
| prenasal vl. | (ᵐp) | (ⁿt) | (ᵑk) | ||||
| prenasal vd. | ᵑɡ | ᵑᶢw | |||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||
| Fricative | β | s | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||
| Glide | j | w | |||||
- [ᵐp, ⁿt, ᵑk] are heard as allophones of /p, t, k/ when in nasal vowel position.[4]
References
edit- ^ a b Guarayu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2012 Bolivia Características de la Población". Instituto Nacional de Estadística, República de Bolivia. p. 29. Archived from the original on 2021-08-01. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
- ^ "PROEL, Lengua Guarayú".
- ^ Danielsen, Swintha (2020). Gwarayu Ñe’ësa 3: Revista sobre la lengua guarayu - Número 3. Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Further reading
edit- Anónimo (2005). Gwarayu Ñe’ë, diccionario guarayo - castellano - guarayo. Cochabamba: Sociedad Bíblica Boliviana.
- Hoeller, Alfredo (1932). Guarayo-Deutsches Wörterbuch. Guarayos: Verlag der Missionsprokura der P.P. Franziskaner, Hall in Tirol.
External links
edit- Megan Crowhurst. "Audio recordings of stories and conversation in Guarayu". The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of South American. AILLA. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02.
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