The government of Haiti is a semi-presidential republic, a multi-party system wherein the President of Haiti is head of state elected directly by popular elections.[1] The Prime Minister acts as head of government and is appointed by the President, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Assembly of Haiti.[clarification needed] The government is organized unitarily, thus the central government delegates powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent.[clarification needed][citation needed] The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in the Constitution of March 29, 1987.[2]
Government
editThe government of Haiti is a semi-presidential republic, a multiparty system wherein the President of Haiti is head of state elected directly by popular elections.[3] The Prime Minister acts as head of government and is appointed by the President, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the government.
Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Assembly of Haiti. The government is organized unitarily, thus the central government delegates powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent. The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in the Constitution of Haiti on 29 March 1987. The current president is Claude Joseph, acting in 2021. In 2010, there were 7,000 people in the Haitian National Police.[4]
The Institute for the Protection of National Heritage has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center of Cap-Haïtien.[5]
The legal system for torts is based on a version of the Napoleonic Code.[6]
In 2013, the annual budget was US$1 billion.[7]
History
edit19th century
editJean-Jacques Dessalines was the first leader of free and independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution. He was initially regarded as governor-general, then later called himself Emperor Jacques I of Haiti. His regime lasted two and half years (1804-1806) and ended with his assassination by disaffected leaders of his administration.[8] In 1806, Constituent Assembly created a new constitution and appointed Henri Christophe to a four-year term as President of the Republic of Haiti. The following year, the Battle of Sibert ended with the division of Haiti into the southern Republic of Haiti under Alexandre Pétion and the northern State of Haiti under Christophe.[9] In 1818, Pétion died of a fever and Jean-Pierre Boyer, Chief of the Presidential Guard, was appointed President-for-Life of the Republic of Haiti. After Christophe committed suicide in 1820, Boyer promulgates the Republican Constitution in Christophe's northern state. This resulted in the unification of northern and southern Haiti. In 1822, Boyer arrives in Santo Domingo and declares control over the entire island of Hispaniola. Under Boyer, King Charles X of France signs an ordinance which conditionally recognizes Haiti's independence and imposes a 150 million franc indemnity on the Haitian government. This debt plagued Haiti's economy for generations. in 1843, President Boyer was overthrown and fled to Paris in exile.[10] The 1843 Constitution was established and Charles Riviere-Hérard was appointed President of Haiti. Under Riviere-Hèrard, the Dominican Republic declared its independence from Haiti.[11]
20th century
editIn 1915, the United States Marines, led by Admiral William B. Caperton, entered Port-au-Prince and began the United States occupation of Haiti. The U.S. took over the collection of revenues and banks in Haiti for 19 years. American forces withdraw from Haiti in 1934 marking the end of the U.S. occupation.[12] In 1957, François Duvalier, also known as "Papa Doc", was elected President of Haiti. In 1964, he declared himself president for life and established that his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as "Baby Doc", would succeed him. During their regime, opposition to the government was not tolerated; thus, the Duvaliers used violence and terror to suppress the masses, killing about 30,000 Haitians. Finally, in 1986, a series of uprisings forced Baby Doc to flee Haiti for France. The Duvalier family stole millions of dollars during their administration, leaving Haiti in extreme debt today.[13]
21st century
editOn February 29, 2004, a coup d'état led by the Group of 184 ousted the popularly elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, allegedly with the assistance of the French and United States governments; U.S. and French soldiers were on the ground in Haiti at the time, recently arrived (See controversy).[14]
The first elections since the overthrow were held on February 8, 2006 to elect a new President. René Préval was declared to have won with over 50 percent of the vote. In 2008, Parliament voted to dismiss President Preval's Prime Minister following severe rioting over food prices.[15] His selected replacement for the post was rejected by Parliament, throwing the country into a prolonged period without a government.[16]
Today
editHaiti is officially a semi-presidential republic. However, sources such as the Democracy Index have described Haiti as a hybrid or authoritarian regime in practice.[17] Suffrage is universal, for adults over 18.
The constitution was rewritten by the United States to model those of the United States and of France. It was approved in March 1987, but it was completely suspended from June 1988 to March 1989 and was only fully reinstated in October 1994. Some members of the Haitian government have also recently stated there should be state mandated weddings by age 25, but this has been met with wide disdain.
Branches of government
editExecutive branch
edit
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Transitional Presidential Council | Independent | 25 April 2024 |
| Prime Minister | Alix Didier Fils-Aimé (interim) | Independent | 10 November 2024 |
Haiti's executive branch is composed of two parts, the presidency and the government. In this sense, "government" refers specifically to the portion of the executive branch outside of the presidency, and not to Haiti's political system as a whole.[clarification needed]
President
editThe president is the head of state and elected by popular vote every five years for a five-year term, and may not serve consecutive terms.[18] The last presidential election was held on 20 November 2016.[18] The latest president was Jovenel Moïse until his assassination on 7 July 2021.
The president appoints the prime minister and his cabinet, which must be ratified by the National Assembly.
Cabinet
editHaiti's cabinet, called Council of Ministers, is led by the Prime Minister, and includes other ministers.
The prime minister, the head of government, is appointed by the president and ratified by the National Assembly. He appoints the Ministers and Secretaries of State and goes before the National Assembly to obtain a vote of confidence for his declaration of general policy. The Prime Minister enforces the laws and, along with the President, is responsible for national defense.
The ministries of the Haitian government are:[19]
- Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development
- Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- Ministry of Women's Affairs and Women's Rights
- Ministry of Culture and Communication
- Ministry of Defense
- Ministry of Economy and Finance
- Ministry of National Education and Vocational Training
- Ministry of Environment
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship
- Ministry of Haitians Living Abroad
- Ministry of Public Health and Population
- Ministry of Youth, Sports and Civic Action
- Ministry of Interior and Territorial Communities
- Ministry of Justice and Public Security
- Ministry of Planning and External Cooperation
- Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Communications
- Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor
- Ministry of Tourism
Legislative branch
editThe bicameral National Assembly of Haiti (Assemblée Nationale) consists of the Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Députés) and the Senate (Sénat). The Chamber of Deputies has ninety-nine members, who are elected by popular vote for four-year terms. The Senate consists of thirty members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms, with one third elected every two years.
The last Senate elections were held on 28 November 2010 with run-off elections on 20 March 2011. The following Senate election, for one third of the seats, was to be held in 2012 but was not called. The last election of the Chamber of Deputies was held on 28 November 2010 with run-off elections on 20 March 2011. The next regular election of Deputies is to be held in 2014.[18]
Prior to a 2002 territorial law which created a tenth department, the Chamber of Deputies had eighty three seats and the Senate had twenty-seven.
Judicial branch
editThe legal system is based on the Roman civil law system. Haiti accepts compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. There is a Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation), assisted by local and civil courts at a communal level.
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, is in line to succeed the President in case of death or resignation, according to the 1987 Constitution of Haiti.
Administrative divisions
editFor reasons of administration, Haiti has been divided into ten departments. Each department is divided into from three to seven arrondissements, and arrondissements are further divided into communes. The departments are listed below, with the departmental capital cities in parentheses.
- Artibonite (Gonaïves)
- Centre (Hinche)
- Grand'Anse (Jérémie)
- Nippes (Miragoâne)
- Nord (Cap-Haïtien)
- Nord-Est (Fort-Liberté)
- Nord-Ouest (Port-de-Paix)
- Ouest (Port-au-Prince)
- Sud-Est (Jacmel)
- Sud (Les Cayes)
The departments are further divided into 41 arrondissements, and 133 communes, which serve as second- and third-level administrative divisions.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "1987 Constitution of the Republic of Haiti". ARTICLE 134: Georgetown University. pp. ARTICLE 134. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Google, retrieved 2019-05-28
- ^ "1987 Constitution of the Republic of Haiti". ARTICLE 134: Georgetown University. pp. ARTICLE 134. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Sadowski, Dennis (August 6–19, 2010). "Hope and struggles remain in Haiti six months after earthquake". Orlando, Florida: Florida Catholic. pp. A7.
- ^ "Embassy of Haiti – Washington, DC". Retrieved 13 September 2016.
- ^ "Haitian Law". Archived from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
- ^ Daniel, Trenton (July 8, 2013). "Haiti hopes push to woo tourists pays off". The Burlington Free Press. Burlington, Vermont. pp. 5A. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Haiti - History". kreyol.com. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
- ^ Clive, Cheesman; Marie-Lucie, Vendryes; Michaëlle, Jean (2007). The armorial of Haiti symbols of nobility in the reign of Henry Christophe : College of Arms manuscript JP 177. College of Arms. ISBN 9780950698021. OCLC 496738068.
- ^ Paul, Lagasse (2000-01-01). The Columbia encyclopedia. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780787650155. OCLC 807606124.
- ^ Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (2015). Border Disputes. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610690249. OCLC 915418557.
- ^ Lopez, Patricia J (2015-11-27). "Clumsy beginnings: from 'modernizing mission' to humanitarianism in the US occupation of Haiti (1915–34)". Environment and Planning A. 47 (11): 2240–2256. Bibcode:2015EnPlA..47.2240L. doi:10.1177/0308518x15598262. S2CID 146946226.
- ^ Brunello, Anthony R. (January 2017). "Duvalier Takes Power in Haiti". Salem Press Encyclopedia.
- ^ "French, U.S. troops fan out from Haiti's capital". NBC News. 19 March 2004. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- ^ "Haitian senators vote to fire PM". news.bbc.co.uk. April 12, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
- ^ "Haiti MPs reject new PM candidate". news.bbc.co.uk. May 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
- ^ "Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit.
- ^ a b c Central Intelligence Agency (31 October 2013). "The World Factbook: Haiti". Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ^ P. Schutt-Ainé, Haiti: A Basic Reference Book, 166
References
edit- Michael Deibert. Notes from the Last Testament: The Struggle for Haiti. Seven Stories Press, New York, 2005. ISBN 1-58322-697-4.
- Schutt-Ainé, Patricia (1994). Haiti: A Basic Reference Book. Miami, Florida: Librairie Au Service de la Culture. pp. 165–167. ISBN 978-0-9638599-0-7.