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The Gorontalo language (also called Hulontalo) is a language spoken in Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia by the Gorontalo people.[2] With around one million speakers (2000 census), it is a major language of northern Sulawesi.[3]
| Gorontalo | |
|---|---|
| Bahasa Hulontalo | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Gorontalo North Sulawesi Central Sulawesi |
| Ethnicity | Gorontalo people |
Native speakers | 1 million (2000 census)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | gor |
| ISO 639-3 | gor |
| Glottolog | goro1259 |
Considerable lexical influence comes from Malay, Arabic, Portuguese, Dutch,[4] and the North Halmahera languages.[4][5] The Gorontalo region used to be controlled by the Sultanate of Ternate.[4] Manado Malay and Indonesian are also spoken in the area.[4][6] Despite its relatively large number of speakers, Gorontalo is under much pressure from Malay varieties, especially in urban settings.[3]
Sizable Gorontalo communities can be found in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi, as well as Jakarta.[4]
Dialects
editMusa Kasim et al. (1981) give five main dialects of Gorontalo: east Gorontalo, Limboto, Gorontolo City, west Gorontalo, and Tilamuta.
Phonology
editGorontalo is characterized by several highly unusual sound changes, including PMP *s → Gorontalo t; *n → l; *k → ʔ; *mb, *nd → m, n; *bu → hu. Also, there are also vowel changes, such as *a turning into o (/ *b_) or e (/ {*d, *g}_); prosthesis of original initial vowels with w- or y- (before *i; and epenthesis of final consonants with -o (*anak → wala'o "child").[7]
Consonants
edit| labial | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| plosive | voiceless | p | t | d̠ | c | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| sonorant | plain | w | r | j | h | ||
| lateral | l | ||||||
Consonant sequences include NC (homorganic nasal–plosive), where C may be /b d t d̠ ɟ ɡ k/. Elsewhere, /b d/ are relatively rare and only occur before high vowels. /d̠/, written ⟨ḓ⟩ in linguistic materials, but not distinguished from ⟨d⟩ elsewhere, is a laminal post-alveolar coronal stop that is indeterminate as to voicing. The phonemic status of [ʔ] is unclear; if [VʔV] is interpreted as vowel sequences /VV/, then this contrasts with long vowels (where the two V's are the same) and vowel sequences separated by linking glides (where the two V's are different).
Vowels
editGorontalo has five vowels.[8]
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| high | i | u | |
| mid | e | o | |
| low | a |
Notes
edit
- ^ Gorontalo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "The Gorontalo Language". The linguist list. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ a b Mead, David, "Gorontalo", Sulawesi Language Alliance, retrieved 2024-09-19
- ^ a b c d e Little (1995), p. 521
- ^ Henley (1996), p. 28
- ^ Zakariya, Ulfa; Lustyantie, Ninuk; Emzir (2021). "The Gorontalo Language in Professional Communication: its Maintenance and Native Speakers' Attitudes". Professional Discourse & Communication. 3 (3): 39–51. doi:10.24833/2687-0126-2021-3-3-39-51. ISSN 2687-0126.
- ^ Noorduyn, J. (1982). "Sound Changes in the Gorontalo Language". In Halim, A.; Carrington, L.; Wurm, S.A. (eds.). Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2: Tracking the travellers. Pacific Linguistics, C-75. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 241–261. doi:10.15144/PL-C75.241. hdl:1885/145067. ISBN 978-0-85883-275-6.
- ^ Little (1995), p. 523
References
edit- Steinhauer, H. (1991). "Problems of Gorontalese Phonology". In Poeze, H. A.; Schoorl, P. (eds.). Excursies in Celebes: Een Bundel Bijdragen bij het Afscheid van J. Noorduyn als Directeur-Secretaris van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkendkunde. KITLV Uitgeverij. pp. 325–338.
- Little, John A. Jr. (1995). "Gorontalo". In Tryon, Darrell T. (ed.). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 521–527. doi:10.1515/9783110884012.1.521. ISBN 978-3-11-088401-2. OCLC 868970232.
- Kasim, M. Musa; Wahidji, Habu; Pateda, Mansoer; Junus, Husain; Hasan, Kartin; Koem, A. P. (1981). Geografi Dialek Bahasa Gorontalo (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.
- Joest, Wilhelm (1883). Das Holontalo: Glossar und grammatische Skizze (in German). Berlin: A. Asher & Company – via archive.org.
- Henley, David (1996). Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies. Leiden: KITLV Press. doi:10.1163/9789004486928. ISBN 9789067180801. OCLC 35113123.