The Gilgit Scouts was a paramilitary force within the Gilgit-Baltistan region in northern Pakistan. They were raised by the British Raj in 1913, on behalf of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, to police the Gilgit Agency, which formed the northern frontier of British India. The force was composed of local men recruited by British commanders.
| Gilgit Scouts | |
|---|---|
 Insignia of the Gilgit Scouts | |
| Active | 1913–1975 |
| Country |  Pakistan |
| Type | Paramilitary |
| Nickname(s) | Northern Battalion |
| Engagements | |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Major William Brown Brigadier Aslam Khan |
In November 1947, under the command of Major William Brown, the Gilgit Scouts staged a rebellion and overthrew the Governor of Gilgit under the Jammu and Kashmir state. The Muslim element of the State Forces based at Bunji joined the rebels. The Azad Kashmir provisional government took control of the force by sending Colonel Aslam Khan as its commander. The combined force conquered all of Baltistan, giving rise to the present day Gilgit-Baltistan.[1]
The force was continued by Pakistan till 1975 when it was integrated into the Northern Light Infantry of the Pakistan Army.
History
editAntecedents
editWhen the Gilgit Agency was established in 1889, it was controlled using the Imperial Service Troops provided by the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and placed under the command of the British Political Agent.[2][3] A few contingents of British Indian troops and 14 British officers were added in 1891.[4] Levies from Punial were also present earlier.[5] After the Hunza–Nagar Campaign in 1891, and the pacification of Chilas and Chitral, the British Indian troops were gradually reduced, and replaced by new levies from Hunza, Nagar and Punial.[6]
Formation of scouts
editIn 1913, the local levies were replaced by a permanent body of troops on a company basis, under the name "Gilgit Scouts". The force was paid for by the state of Jammu and Kashmir, but commanded by British officers under the control of the British Political Agent at Gilgit.[7] The initial strength of Gilgit Scouts was 656 men. They were organised into 8 companies of 80 men each. Each company had two native officers, a Subedar and a Jamadar.[7]
The force had no connection to the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces,[8] but became part of the Frontier Corps, along with Chitral Scouts, Kurram Militia and other local forces.[9] The recruits were from all areas of the Gilgit Agency and had the advantage of local knowledge. They were also acclimatised to local climate and the harsh mountain terrain. They were responsible for maintaining local order as well as monitoring foreign activity along the northern borders.[8]
The recruitment in the Gilgit scouts was based on the recommendation of Mirs and Rajas of the area. Close relatives of Mirs and Rajas were given direct Viceroy commissions in Gilgit scouts.[citation needed]
First Kashmir War (1947)
edit
After the Partition of India, the Gilgit Scouts rebelled against the authority of Jammu and Kashmir and participated in the First Kashmir War. According to Major William Brown, its commanding officer, there was a secret plan among a few members of Gilgit Scouts to set up a "Republic of Gilgit-Astor(e)" when they ousted the governor of Gilgit representing the Maharaja's government on 1 November 1947. Historian Ahmad Hasan Dani, a member of the Shina community which is the majority ethno-linguistic group of the Gilgit Baltistan region of Pakistan,[10] mentions that although there was lack of public participation in the rebellion, pro-Pakistan sentiments were intense in the civilian population and their anti-Kashmiri sentiments were also clear.[11] On 2 November, the Pakistani flag was raised on the old tower in the Gilgit Scout Lines, under the command of Major Brown.[12]
On 12 January 1948, the command was handed over to Colonel Aslam Khan the first local commander of the Gilgit Scouts, under the authority of the Azad Jammu and Kashmir provisional government.[12]
Inside Pakistan
edit
After the conclusion of the First Kashmir War, the Gilgit Scouts operated as a paramilitary force in the Northern Areas (now called Gilgit-Baltistan). In 1975, the force was amalgamated into the Northern Light Infantry Regiment of the Pakistan Army, where the Gilgit Scouts became the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the regiment.[13]
Gilgit Baltistan Scouts
editThe force was re-raised in 2003 as the Northern Area Scouts under command of Brigadier Inayat Wali. It quickly progressed and took over the responsibilities of Law and Order in Gilgit Baltistan. In 2011, the force was renamed Gilgit Baltistan Scouts.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Brown, William (2014). Gilgit Rebelion: The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473841123.
- ^ Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, p. 13; Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015, p. 109
- ^ Chohan, Gilgit Agency 1997, p. 180.
- ^ Chohan, Gilgit Agency 1997, p. 183.
- ^ Huttenback, Robert A. (2008). "The 'Great Game' in the Pamirs and the Hindu-Kush: The British Conquest of Hunza and Nagar". Modern Asian Studies. 9 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00004856. ISSN 0026-749X.
- ^ Chohan, Gilgit Agency 1997, pp. 189–190.
- ^ a b Chohan, Gilgit Agency 1997, p. 192.
- ^ a b Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015, p. 109.
- ^ Bajwa, Kuldip Singh (1 January 2004). Jammu and Kashmir War: 1947 & 1948. India: Har Anand Publications. p. 140. ISBN 978-81-241-0923-6. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
- ^ "Anthropology of Gilgit-Baltistan" (PDF). Social Science Open Access Repository.
- ^ Bangash, Three Forgotten Accesions 2010, p. 132.
- ^ a b Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, p. 64.
- ^ "Northern Light Infantry". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^ Gilgit Baltistan Scouts Archived 2014-08-09 at the Wayback Machine (official web page)
Bibliography
edit- Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (2010), "Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar", The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 38 (1): 117–143, doi:10.1080/03086530903538269, S2CID 159652497
- Chohan, Amar Singh (1997), Gilgit Agency 1877-1935, Second Reprint, Atlantic Publishers & Dist, ISBN 978-81-7156-146-9
- Schofield, Victoria (2003) [First published in 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 1860648983
- Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7