Fredericton (/ˈfrɛ.drɪk.tən/;[8] French pronunciation: [fʁedeʁiktœn]) is the capital city of the Canadian province of New Brunswick. The city is situated in the west-central portion of the province along the Saint John River, also known by its Indigenous name of Wolastoq, which flows west to east as it bisects the city. The river is the dominant natural feature of the area. One of the main urban centres in New Brunswick, the city had a population of 63,116 and a metropolitan population of 108,610 in the 2021 Canadian census.[5] It is the third-largest city in the province after Moncton and Saint John.
Fredericton | |
|---|---|
| The City of Fredericton[a] | |
 .jpg)   From top to bottom; left to right: Fredericton skyline, Pedestrian bridge of the Nashwaak River, Christ Church Cathedral, New Brunswick Legislative Building | |
 Flag  Logo | |
| Nicknames: Freddy, Freddy Beach | |
| Motto(s): | |
 Interactive map outlining Fredericton | |
  Fredericton Location within New Brunswick  Fredericton Location within Canada | |
| Coordinates: 45°56′43″N 66°40′00″W / 45.94528°N 66.66667°W[3] | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | New Brunswick |
| County(s) | York, Sunbury |
| Metropolitan area | Greater Fredericton |
| Erected | 1786 |
| Incorporated | 1848 |
| Named for | Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany |
| Government | |
| • Type | Fredericton City Council |
| • Mayor | Kate Rogers[4] |
| • MPs | Jenica Atwin (Lib.) Richard Bragdon (Con.) |
| • MLAs | Luke Randall (Lib) David Coon (Green) Kris Austin (PC) Susan Holt (Lib) Ryan Cullins (PC) |
| Area | |
• City | 133.93 km2 (51.71 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 5,745.41 km2 (2,218.32 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 20−100 m (66−328 ft) |
| Population (2021)[5] | |
• City | 63,116 |
| • Density | 471.3/km2 (1,221/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 108,610 |
| • Metro density | 17.7/km2 (46/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Frederictonian |
| Time zone | UTC−04:00 (AST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−03:00 (ADT) |
| Postal code(s) | |
| Area code | 506 and 428 |
| NTS Map | 21G15 Fredericton |
| GNBC Code | DAFMJ[7] |
| Website | fredericton |
On 1 January 2023, Fredericton annexed parts of five local service districts;[9][10] revised census figures have not been released.
An important cultural, artistic, and educational centre for the province, Fredericton is home to two universities, The University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University, the New Brunswick College of Craft and Design, New Brunswick Community College and cultural institutions such as the Beaverbrook Art Gallery, the Fredericton Region Museum, and The Playhouse, a performing arts venue. The city hosts the annual Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival, attracting regional and international jazz, blues, rock, and world artists. The city also hosts the Garrison Night Market through the summer months which showcases many local vendors and artists and musicians. Fredericton is also an important and vibrant centre point for the region's top visual artists; many of New Brunswick's notable artists live and work there today. Fredericton has also been home to some great historical Canadian painters as well, including Goodridge Roberts, and Molly and Bruno Bobak.
As a provincial capital, its economy is tied to the public sector; however, the city also contains a growing IT and commercial sector. The city has the highest percentage of residents with post-secondary education in the province and the highest per capita income of any city in New Brunswick.
History
editThere is archaeological evidence of a camp in the area 12,000 years ago,[11] and the Wolastoqiyik farmed several kilometres upriver.[12]
Colonists from the Kingdom of France in the late 1600s built Fort Nashwaak on the north side of the Saint John River, as the capital of Acadia. It withstood a British attack in 1696, but the capital was later moved to Port Royal (Annapolis Royal).[13] In 1713, Acadians escaping the British takeover of Nova Scotia settled the site, naming it Pointe Ste-Anne. It was destroyed in 1758 when the population of about 83 were exiled during the expulsion of the Acadians.
It was in 1783, when United Empire Loyalists arrived from New England, that the history of modern Fredericton began. The following year, New Brunswick was partitioned from Nova Scotia and became its own colony. Pointe-Ste-Anne was renamed "Fredericstown", after Frederick, second son of King George III. It became the capital of the new colony, being considered to have a better defensive position than larger Saint John.[13]
The streets were laid out in the typical grid pattern of the time, with the names reflecting loyalist tendencies: Charlotte, Brunswick, George, King, and Queen.
In 1785, it became the shire town of York County. In 1790 the New Brunswick Legislative Building was constructed. As a centre of government, it attracted educational institutions, with King's College (now the University of New Brunswick) being the first English-language university in Canada, and religious institutions, with Christ Church Cathedral being built as the seat of the Anglican Diocese of Fredericton in 1853.[14]
It was a British garrison town from 1784 to 1869, and the military compound is preserved as a National Historic Site of Canada.[15]
With the New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program in the 1960s, county councils were abolished, and government services were centralized provincially in Fredericton, increasing jobs and population.
Geography
editThe Saint John River runs through Fredericton. The city's downtown core lies on the flat low-lying ground on either side of the river, with most of the city's post-war suburban development occurring on the gently sloping hills of the river valley.
At an altitude of about 17 m (56 ft) above sea level, Fredericton is nestled in the Pennsylvanian Basin. It differs markedly from the geologically older parts of the province. There are prominently two distinct areas in the region that are divided around the area of Wilsey Road, in the east end of the city. In the west side, the bedrock underneath the earth is topographically dominant, whereas the other is controlled by Pleistocene and recent deposits leading to the rivers (resulting in the area being shallow and wide). Fredericton and its surroundings are rich in water resources, which, coupled with highly arable soil, make the Fredericton region ideal for agriculture. The Saint John River and one of its major tributaries, the Nashwaak River, come together in Fredericton. The uninhabited parts of the city are heavily forested.
Climate
edit| Fredericton | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Fredericton has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb under the Köppen climate classification system), with short, warm summers and long, cold winters. The city has high humidity and precipitation year-round; on average, Fredericton receives approximately 1,100 mm (43 in) of precipitation per year.
| Climate data for Fredericton CDA Climate ID: 8101600; coordinates 45°55′N 66°37′W / 45.917°N 66.617°W; elevation: 39.6 m (130 ft); 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1871–present[b] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
26.5 (79.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
35.5 (95.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
36.1 (97.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
33.7 (92.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.4 (24.1) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
2.8 (37.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
17.6 (63.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.4 (15.1) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.0 (57.2) |
7.8 (46.0) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −14.4 (6.1) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
5.1 (41.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
0.5 (32.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −38.9 (−38.0) |
−38.3 (−36.9) |
−32.8 (−27.0) |
−20.0 (−4.0) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
1.7 (35.1) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−26.7 (−16.1) |
−35.6 (−32.1) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 101.9 (4.01) |
70.1 (2.76) |
90.1 (3.55) |
81.6 (3.21) |
103.8 (4.09) |
86.3 (3.40) |
89.0 (3.50) |
85.9 (3.38) |
94.7 (3.73) |
89.7 (3.53) |
109.9 (4.33) |
91.8 (3.61) |
1,094.7 (43.10) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 42.4 (1.67) |
31.7 (1.25) |
45.2 (1.78) |
68.1 (2.68) |
103.1 (4.06) |
86.3 (3.40) |
89.0 (3.50) |
85.9 (3.38) |
94.7 (3.73) |
89.3 (3.52) |
96.3 (3.79) |
54.0 (2.13) |
885.9 (34.88) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 63.6 (25.0) |
39.1 (15.4) |
42.4 (16.7) |
13.5 (5.3) |
0.6 (0.2) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (0.2) |
13.9 (5.5) |
41.4 (16.3) |
214.8 (84.6) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 12.6 | 10.2 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 14.9 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 12.7 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 13.8 | 12.5 | 156.7 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 4.5 | 4.2 | 7.1 | 10.8 | 14.8 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 12.7 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 11.7 | 6.0 | 126.9 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 9.4 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.11 | 3.2 | 7.5 | 37.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 119.5 | 130.8 | 148.9 | 162.2 | 206.9 | 224.3 | 239.7 | 226.2 | 172.4 | 142.5 | 95.8 | 102.2 | 1,971.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 42.4 | 44.8 | 40.4 | 40.0 | 44.7 | 47.7 | 50.4 | 51.6 | 45.7 | 41.9 | 33.6 | 37.8 | 43.4 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[17][18][19][20] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Fredericton (Fredericton Airport) Climate ID: 8101600; coordinates 45°52′19.67″N 66°31′40.411″W / 45.8721306°N 66.52789194°W; elevation: 20.7 m (68 ft); 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1951–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 17.1 | 17.3 | 28.0 | 33.3 | 38.1 | 43.5 | 44.5 | 43.3 | 39.6 | 32.0 | 25.0 | 19.5 | 44.5 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
30.3 (86.5) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.3 (95.5) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.2 (99.0) |
34.1 (93.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
15.9 (60.6) |
37.2 (99.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
17.6 (63.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
11.4 (52.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.4 (15.1) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
4.5 (40.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
7.5 (45.5) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.0 (5.0) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
4.6 (40.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
7.1 (44.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.6 (−32.1) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
−28.9 (−20.0) |
−15.1 (4.8) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−20.2 (−4.4) |
−33.8 (−28.8) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
| Record low wind chill | −45.1 | −46.4 | −38.0 | −26.1 | −12.5 | −4.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −6.6 | −13.1 | −26.5 | −42.2 | −46.4 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 95.3 (3.75) |
73.1 (2.88) |
93.2 (3.67) |
85.9 (3.38) |
96.2 (3.79) |
82.4 (3.24) |
88.3 (3.48) |
85.6 (3.37) |
87.5 (3.44) |
89.1 (3.51) |
106.3 (4.19) |
94.9 (3.74) |
1,077.7 (42.43) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 38.0 (1.50) |
31.4 (1.24) |
46.7 (1.84) |
68.3 (2.69) |
94.5 (3.72) |
82.4 (3.24) |
88.3 (3.48) |
85.6 (3.37) |
87.5 (3.44) |
88.2 (3.47) |
92.9 (3.66) |
55.3 (2.18) |
859.1 (33.82) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 69.9 (27.5) |
47.5 (18.7) |
49.4 (19.4) |
18.6 (7.3) |
1.4 (0.6) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.8 (0.3) |
14.3 (5.6) |
50.5 (19.9) |
252.3 (99.3) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 14.2 | 11.3 | 13.0 | 13.2 | 13.9 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 11.4 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 148.9 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 5.1 | 4.3 | 7.3 | 10.8 | 13.8 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 6.3 | 115.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 11.7 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 4.7 | 0.38 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.42 | 4.2 | 10.0 | 48.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75.1 | 74.9 | 77.1 | 80.6 | 83.6 | 86.4 | 89.5 | 90.4 | 91.1 | 87.6 | 83.8 | 80.0 | 83.3 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[16][21][22][23] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1861 | 6,000 | — |
| 1901 | 7,117 | +18.6% |
| 1941 | 10,062* | — |
| 1976 | 45,248* | — |
| 2001 | 47,580 | — |
| 2006 | 50,535 | +6.2% |
| 2011 | 56,224 | +11.3% |
| 2016 | 58,721 | +4.4% |
| 2021 | 63,116 | +7.5% |
| *Boundary changes for 1941 and 1973 | ||
In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Fredericton had a population of 63,116 living in 28,478 of its 29,892 total private dwellings, a change of 7.5% from its 2016 population of 58,721. With a land area of 133.93 km2 (51.71 sq mi), it had a population density of 471.3/km2 (1,220.6/sq mi) in 2021.[24]
At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Fredericton CMA had a population of 108,610 living in 46,357 of its 48,761 total private dwellings, a change of 5.8% from its 2016 population of 102,690. With a land area of 6,014.66 km2 (2,322.27 sq mi), it had a population density of 18.1/km2 (46.8/sq mi) in 2021.[25]
The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 7,790 persons or 12.6% of the total population of Fredericton. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were United Kingdom (765 persons or 9.8%), China (645 persons or 8.3%), United States of America (570 persons or 7.3%), Syria (505 persons or 6.5%), Philippines (500 persons or 6.4%), India (460 persons or 5.9%), Egypt (300 persons or 3.9%), Iran (245 persons or 3.1%), Lebanon (205 persons or 2.6%), and Democratic Republic of the Congo (180 persons or 2.3%).[26]
Ethnicity
editIn 2021, Fredericton was 82.5% white/European, 3.5% Indigenous and 14.0% visible minorities.[26] The largest visible minority groups were Black (2.9%), South Asian (2.9%), Arab (2.5%), Chinese (1.8%) and Filipino (1.0%).
Fredericton accepted the highest number of refugees from the Syrian Civil War per capita of any Canadian city.[27]
| Ethnic and Cultural origins (2021) | Population | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Irish | 16,480 | 26.6% |
| English | 15,495 | 25.1% |
| Scottish | 15,340 | 24.8% |
| Canadian | 9,435 | 15.3% |
| French n.o.s | 7,950 | 12.9% |
| German | 3,590 | 5.8% |
| Acadian | 3,520 | 5.7% |
| Caucasian (White) n.o.s+
European n.o.s |
3,350 | 5.4% |
| British Isles n.o.s | 2,300 | 3.7% |
| Welsh | 1,845 | 3.0% |
| Dutch | 1,795 | 2.9% |
| First Nations (North American Indian) n.o.s.+
North American Indigenous, n.o.s. |
1,425 | 2.3% |
| New Brunswicker | 1,310 | 2.1% |
| Chinese | 1,220 | 2.0% |
| Note: a person may report more than one ethnic origin. | ||
| Panethnic group | 2021[26] | 2016[28] | 2011[29] | 2006[30] | 2001[31] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| European[c] | 50,995 | 82.47% | 49,320 | 86.54% | 49,810 | 90.33% | 45,885 | 91.81% | 44,230 | 94.11% |
| Indigenous | 2,180 | 3.53% | 1,830 | 3.21% | 1,450 | 2.63% | 725 | 1.45% | 700 | 1.49% |
| Middle Eastern[d] | 1,995 | 3.23% | 1,185 | 2.08% | 385 | 0.7% | 365 | 0.73% | 370 | 0.79% |
| African | 1,780 | 2.88% | 985 | 1.73% | 655 | 1.19% | 860 | 1.72% | 470 | 1% |
| South Asian | 1,775 | 2.87% | 920 | 1.61% | 875 | 1.59% | 635 | 1.27% | 425 | 0.9% |
| East Asian[e] | 1,410 | 2.28% | 1,645 | 2.89% | 1,375 | 2.49% | 1,045 | 2.09% | 545 | 1.16% |
| Southeast Asian[f] | 915 | 1.48% | 505 | 0.89% | 150 | 0.27% | 175 | 0.35% | 160 | 0.34% |
| Latin American | 520 | 0.84% | 310 | 0.54% | 350 | 0.63% | 170 | 0.34% | 40 | 0.09% |
| Other/multiracial[g] | 270 | 0.44% | 290 | 0.51% | 80 | 0.15% | 115 | 0.23% | 60 | 0.13% |
| Total responses | 61,835 | 97.97% | 56,990 | 97.05% | 55,145 | 98.08% | 49,980 | 98.9% | 47,000 | 98.78% |
| Total population | 63,116 | 100% | 58,721 | 100% | 56,224 | 100% | 50,535 | 100% | 47,580 | 100% |
| Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses | ||||||||||
Language
editEnglish is spoken as a mother tongue by 80.2% of residents. Other mother tongues spoken are French (6.1%), Arabic (2.1%), Chinese languages (1.4%), Spanish (0.7%), Russian (0.6%), and Persian languages (0.5%). 1.4% of the population listed both English and French as mother tongues.
Religion
editAccording to the 2021 census, religious groups in Fredericton included:[26]
- Christianity (32,295 persons or 52.2%)
- Irreligion (25,150 persons or 40.7%)
- Islam (2,305 persons or 3.7%)
- Hinduism (820 persons or 1.3%)
- Buddhism (225 persons or 0.4%)
- Sikhism (190 persons or 0.3%)
- Judaism (160 persons or 0.3%)
- Indigenous Spirituality (15 persons or <0.1%)
- Other (670 persons or 1.1%)
Those who declare a religion are predominantly Protestant. Fredericton has a synagogue,[32] a mosque,[33] a Hindu temple,[34] a Unitarian fellowship,[35] and a Shambhala Buddhist meditation centre.[36]
| Religion[37] | 2011 (%) | 2011 (Total) |
|---|---|---|
| No religion | 26.2% | 14,460 |
| Catholic | 24.9% | 13,740 |
| Baptist | 11.4% | 6,290 |
| United Church | 10.9% | 5,995 |
| Anglican | 9.4% | 5,160 |
| Pentecostal | 2.5% | 1,390 |
Economy
editThe Government of New Brunswick and the universities are the primary employers. The policies of centralizing provincial government functions during the 1960s led to an expansion of the population.
The 1960s also saw an expansion of the University of New Brunswick due to increased post-war university enrolment, as well as the construction of Saint Thomas University. The Law School, now the University of New Brunswick Faculty of Law moved from Saint John to the Fredericton area.
The city has been investing actively in IT infrastructure. The City of Fredericton won the "Judges Innovation Award" at the 2004 Canadian Information Productivity Awards due to their "Fred-eZone" free municipality wide Wi-Fi initiative. This and other innovations by the city's utelco, e-Novations, led Intel to do a case study on their successes. Fred-eZone spans much of the city's downtown and parts of surrounding residential areas, as well as peripheral commercial areas such as Fredericton's Regent Mall. In 2008 and 2009 the Intelligent Community Forum selected Fredericton as a Top 7 Intelligent Community, based partly on the city's work in the IT sector.[38]
Arts and culture
editThe Playhouse is the main venue for Theatre New Brunswick, the province's largest professional theatre company.
Festivals include the Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival, the New Brunswick Summer Music Festival, the Silver Wave Film Festival, the Flourish Arts & Music Festival, and Symphony New Brunswick.
Fredericton has a long literary tradition, having been home to Jonathan Odell, Charles G. D. Roberts, Bliss Carman, and Francis Sherman.[39] Writers living in Fredericton include Raymond Fraser, Herb Curtis, David Adams Richards, Mark Anthony Jarman, and Gerard Beirne.
Fredericton's beloved fountain "Freddy the Nude Dude",[40] officially known as "Putto with Fish" sits outside City Hall at 397 Queen St. "Freddy the Nude Dude" was donated to the city by Mayor George Edward Fentey, in 1885.[41] The statue depicts a nude Cherub and is a beloved fixture of downtown Fredericton. The famed statue has had some trouble since its historic arrival in 1885. In January 2013, "Freddy the Nude Dude" was taken south to Alabama for a replication of the original statue after 128 winters worth of damage.[42] The original Freddy is kept safely inside City Hall where it is protected from further weather damage.[41]
Architecture
editStyles range from Victorian to modern. There are 12 National Historic Sites in the city, beyond the dozen National Historic People and two National Historic Events honored there.[43]
Museums and historic buildings
edit- Beaverbrook Art Gallery
- New Brunswick Legislative Building
- Old Government House
- Fredericton Region Museum
- Christ Church Cathedral
- New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame
- Science East
- Sir Howard Douglas Hall (Old Arts Building)
- William Brydone Jack Observatory
- St. Anne's Chapel
- Fort Nashwaak
- Fredericton City Hall
- Marysville Cotton Mill
- Centennial Building
Sports
editThere are no professional sports teams in Fredericton, although both universities have extensive athletic programs. The UNB Reds play in the Atlantic University Sport conference of U Sports[44] and St. Thomas Tommies play in the Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association conference of the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association for most sports, although their women's hockey team, cross-country teams, and track & field teams play in the Atlantic University Sports conference of U Sports.[45]
Fredericton's high schools compete in a variety of sports in the New Brunswick Interscholastic Athletic Association.
UNB's men's hockey team are 10-time National Champions, and the highest attended sporting events in the city.
The Junior A hockey team is the Fredericton Red Wings.[46] The former Fredericton Express and Fredericton Canadiens were American Hockey League teams.
Each summer the Fredericton Loyalists host the New Brunswick Timber team which competes in the Rugby Canada Super League.
Parks and recreation
edit- Carleton Park, part of the Northside Riverfront Trail, includes a boat launching area. The park was once the site of Alexander "Boss" Gibson's rail yard.
- The Green, along the north and south banks of the Saint John River, a walking and biking trail.
- Killarney Lake Park, a lakeside park with a beach and picnic spots as well as an extensive network of nature trails.
- Odell Park features preserved forested areas, trails, spaces for picnics and gatherings, and the Fredericton Botanic Garden .st
- Officers' Square is a venue for outdoor concerts and has an outdoor skating rink in the winter.
- Queen Square Park, in the heart of Downtown Fredericton.
- Reading Park (/ˈrɛdɪŋ/ RED-ing) is a 130,000 m2 (33 acres) passive use park incorporating an open meadow, and a 1.1 km (0.68 mi) walking trail through an old-growth forest. The park's old-growth forest is one of the city's last remaining habitats for the pileated woodpecker.
- Wilmot Park - a recreational park downtown.
Trail system
editFredericton has a network of 25 trails totaling more than 85 km (53 mi) on both sides of the Saint John and Nashwaak Rivers. Many of the city trails are rail trails that follow old railway lines. These include the Fredericton Railway Bridge that spans 0.6 km (0.37 mi) across the Saint John River. The rail trail system in Fredericton is part of the Sentier NB Trail system and some of these trails are also part of the larger Trans-Canada Trail network.
Government
edit
Fredericton has a non-partisan and Mayor–council government. The mayor and council serve four-year terms with elections in May. The city is divided into 12 wards, six on each side of the river, with one councillor per ward.
The city includes the provincial ridings of Fredericton North, Fredericton-Grand Lake, Fredericton West-Hanwell, Oromocto-Lincoln-Fredericton, New Maryland-Sunbury and Fredericton South, which in 2014 elected the first-ever MLA for the Green Party of New Brunswick, party leader David Coon.
Federally, the city forms most of the riding of Fredericton.
Emergency services and police
editFredericton Police is responsible for policing in the city and has 115 sworn members (as of 2012); The force was founded in 1851.[47]
Fredericton Fire Department has 4 stations providing fire suppression in the city[48]
Education and research
editThe Anglophone West School District and the District Scolaire Francophone Sud (District 1) run schools including Fredericton High School, École des Bâtisseurs, and the École Sainte-Anne. Leo Hayes High School is a public–private partnership
There are two universities, the University of New Brunswick, and St. Thomas, the province's only Catholic university.
Colleges include the New Brunswick College of Craft and Design, the New Brunswick Community College, and the Maritime College of Forest Technology.
For-profit universities include University of Fredericton and Yorkville University.
The Hugh John Flemming Forestry Centre researches in forestry management. Fredericton's Provincial Research Organization specializes in aquaculture, mining, manufacturing, energy and the environment.[49]
Transportation
editAir service is provided out of the Fredericton International Airport.
Fredericton Transit provides bus service 7 days a week.[50]
Fredericton started installing bicycle lanes in July 2008.[51]
Passenger rail service ended in the 1960s,[52] and freight in 1996. All railway tracks have been abandoned and removed.
Fredericton is served by the Maritime Bus fleet which provides connections to points throughout the Maritimes.[53][54]
The Trans-Canada Highway passes along the southern municipal boundary. Routes 7 and 8 (the latter being a former alignment of the Trans-Canada) also pass through the city. Two highway bridges, the Westmorland Street Bridge and the Princess Margaret Bridge, cross the Saint John River. Those bridges feed into controlled-access roads (Routes 8 and 105 serving the city's north side).
Gallery
edit-
-
The Nashwaak River Trail -
The Beaverbrook Art Gallery, prior to the addition of the Harrison McCain Pavilion in 2022 -
Tintamarre, a Celebration of Acadian culture in Fredericton -
Queen Square Park -
-
Marysville Place houses a number of offices for the provincial government. -
Downtown Fredericton -
Fredericton Transit bus with bike rack
.jpg)
Notes
edit- ^ Legal name is The City of Fredericton.[1] Even in French, the legal name is The City of Fredericton.[2]
- ^ Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below are from Fredericton UNB (December 1871 to July 1913) and Fredericton CDA (August 1913 to present).
- ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
- ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
References
edit- ^ "NEW BRUNSWICK REGULATION 85-6 under the Municipalities Act (O. C. 85-45)". Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ "RÈGLEMENT DU NOUVEAU-BRUNSWICK 85-6 pris en vertu de la Loi sur les municipalités (D.C. 85-45)". Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- ^ "Fredericton". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Fredericton councillor defeats incumbent mayor in one of several races across the province". atlantic.ctvnews.ca. 25 May 2021.
- ^ a b c "Census Profile of Fredericton". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Census Profile, 2016 Census Fredericton [Census agglomeration], New Brunswick". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ "Fredericton". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Fredericton". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
- ^ "Local Governments Establishment Regulation – Local Governance Act". Government of New Brunswick. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
- ^ "RSC 11 Regional Service Commission 11". Government of New Brunswick. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
- ^ CBC News: "Campsite dating back 12,000 years unearthed by Route 8", 23 June 2016
- ^ Hall, Jason (Summer–Autumn 2015). "Maliseet Cultivation and Climatic Resilience on the Wəlastəkw/St. John River During the Little Ice Age". Acadiensis. XLIV (2): 3–25. JSTOR 24877276.;
• Raymond, Wm. O. (1910). The River St. John: Its Physical Features, Legends and History, from 1604 to 1784. Saint John, New Brunswick: John A. Bowes. - ^ a b "A Brief History of Fredericton". Fredericton Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ "Fredericton". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ "Fredericton Military Compound National Historic Site of Canada". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ a b "Fredericton A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Fredericton CDA". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Fredericton UNB". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for September 2010". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for March 2012". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ^ "Sep 2010". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ^ "Mar 2012". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ^ "November 2022". Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), New Brunswick". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d Government of Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ "Fredericton welcomed more Syrians per capita than other Canadian cities: multicultural association".
- ^ Government of Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ Government of Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ Government of Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ Government of Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ "Sgoolai Israel Synagogue". Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ "Fredericton Islamic Association". Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ Orientation guide for newcomers to New Brunswick (PDF). p. 91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ "Unitarian Fellowship of Fredericton". Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ "Fredericton Shambhala Center". Retrieved 25 March 2014.
- ^ Government of Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey Profile - Census subdivision". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ^ Intelligent Community Forum (2014). "Top 7 By Year". Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
- ^ "Fredericton New Brunswick, Canada". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ "Fredericton City Hall". Fredericton Tourism. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Freddy the Nude Dude". mynewbrunswick.ca. 24 August 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ Fowler, Shane (2 August 2013). "Freddy the Nude Dude drops back into town". CBC News. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ "Fredericton". Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada. Parks Canada. Retrieved 3 March 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "UNB Reds Athletics". 22 March 2024.
- ^ "STU Tommies Athletics". 26 February 2024.
- ^ Gill, Jordan (16 April 2019). "Junior A hockey returns to Fredericton - and St. Stephen mourns loss of team". CBC. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ "Police personnel in municipal police services — New Brunswick, 2012". Statistics Canada. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
- ^ "Facilities". City of Fredericton. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
- ^ "RPC - Science & Engineering". www.rpc.ca. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ "Sunday Service". City of Fredericton. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "Bike Lanes and Bike Routes in Fredericton". City of Fredericton. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
- ^ Johnson, Robert (27 January 2013). "What Happened to the Fredericton Train Station". The New Brunswick Beacon. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
- ^ "Maritime Bus organising fleet for Dec 1 start". The Guardian (Charlottetown). 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
- ^ "Find Fares & Schedules". maritimebus.com. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
Further reading
edit- Dallison, Robert L. "A Tour of Boss Gibson's Marysville: A Nineteenth Century Mill Town." Fredericton Heritage Trust, 1991.
- Hachey, Philip Osmond "The geology and ground water of the Fredericton district." UNB Thesis, 1955.
- McIntyre, Glen, Bruce Oliver and Bob Watson, "A Valuable and Important Place - Fredericton's Loyalist Origins 1783." A Fredericton Historical Research Project, 1983.
See also
edit
- Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire (IODE), the first chapter of which was formed in Fredericton on 15 January 1900
- List of cities in Canada
- Royal eponyms in Canada
- Fredericton Public Library
- Media in Fredericton
- The Playhouse
- Dr. Everett Chalmers Regional Hospital
- Douglas
- Hanwell
- Marysville
- Nashwaaksis
External links
edit
