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The foreign relations of Syrian opposition refers to the external relations of the self-proclaimed oppositional Syrian Arab Republic, which sees itself as the genuine Syria. The region of control of Syrian opposition-affiliated groups is not well defined. The Turkish government recognizes Syrian opposition as the genuine Syrian Arab Republic and hosts several of its institutions on its territory. The seat of Syria in the Arab League was reserved for the Syrian opposition until 2014.
Diplomatic relations of opposition groups
editThe Syrian Opposition Coalition (SOC) was formed in Doha in November 2012, and declared itself the legitimate representative of the Syrian people, calling on states to recognize it. It was recognized by the six member States (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar and Kuwait) of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) within a day.[1] The Arab League "urged regional and international organisations to recognise it [SOC] as a legitimate representative for the aspirations of the Syrian people", and called it “a legitimate representative and a primary negotiator with the Arab League", but did not recognise it as the sole representative of the Syrian people.[2][1] France was the first Western country to give recognition to the SOC on 13 November 2012, followed by Turkey on 15 November.[1] On 19 November, Italy and the European Union's Foreign Ministers stated recognition of the SOC as a (rather than the sole) legitimate representative of the Syrian people.[1][3] Over the following weeks, Britain recognised it as the sole representative,[4] and Germany, Denmark, Norway, the Benelux countries and the US recognised it as "the" legitimate representative.[1] Similar wording was used by the 114 member Friends of Syria group of states in December 2012.[1]
Foreign relations of the Syrian Opposition
editRelations with UN member states
editThe US along with many European allies recognised the Syrian coalition as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people in late 2012.[5][6]
Qatar - Qatari government recognizes Syrian opposition as the genuine representative of Syria and hosts several of its institutions on its territory, including the embassy of SNC.[7] The SNC embassy in Qatar was opened on 27 March 2013.[8]
Turkey - The Turkish government recognizes Syrian opposition as the genuine Syrian Arab Republic and hosts several of its institutions on its territory, including the Syrian National Council and the high command of the Free Syrian Army.[9]
France - France was the first Western country to give official recognition to the Syrian National Council in November 2012.[10]
United States of America - In December 2012, US president Barack Obama announced the US would formally recognise the Syrian Opposition Coalition, rather than the Damascus government, as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people. As of 2012[update], the embassy of the United States is suspended due to the Syrian civil war.[11] The Syrian National Coalition's offices in the United States were recognised as diplomatic missions in May 2014.[5][12]
Relations with international organisations
edit
Gulf Cooperation Council - The GCC recognized the Syrian National Coalition as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people in November 2012, the first formal international endorsement it received.[10] On 15 April 2023, foreign ministers of GCC+3 format met in Jeddah and discussed the return of Syria to the regional organisation and so called Arab peace plan.[13]
Arab League - Six of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf recognised the Syrian National Coalition as Syria's only legitimate representative on 12 November 2012, but Iraq, Algeria and Lebanon prevented the Arab League from following suit.[14] On 6 March 2013, the Arab League granted to the Syrian National Coalition Syria's seat in the Arab League.[15] Moaz al-Khatib, president of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces formally took its vacant seat at an Arab League summit meeting that month.[16] On 9 March 2014, the pan-Arab group's secretary general Nabil al-Arabi said that Syria's seat at the Arab League would remain vacant until the opposition completes the formation of its institutions.[17] On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of the Council of the Arab League in Cairo composed of foreign ministers, was agreed to reinstate Syrian government's membership in the Arab League.[18]
European Union In November 2012 the EU recognised the SNC as the "legitimate representative" of the Syrian people.[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Talmon, Stefan (2013-06-01). "Recognition of Opposition Groups as the Legitimate Representative of a People". Chinese Journal of International Law. 12 (2): 219–253. doi:10.1093/chinesejil/jmt014. ISSN 1540-1650.
- ^ Arab League gives hesitant welcome to Syria opposition coalition, 13 November 2012 (http://english.ahram.org.eg)
- ^ EU recognises Syrian National Coalition as 'legitimate' representative, France24 2012-11-19
- ^ Citing a 'Credible Alternative' to Assad, Britain Recognizes Syrian Rebel Group, New York Times NOV. 20, 2012
- ^ a b "Syrian opposition offices get US diplomatic recognition". The National. May 6, 2014.
- ^ "Big powers to recognize Syrian opposition". Daily Mirror. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
- ^ "Syrian Rebels Describe U.S.-Backed Training in Qatar". FRONTLINE. Public Broadcasting Service. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
- ^ "First Syrian opposition embassy opens in Qatar". GlobalPost. 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
- ^ Balci, Bayram (13 April 2012). "Turkey's Relations with the Syrian Opposition". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ a b Kalman, Aaron (13 November 2012). "US, France recognize Syrian opposition as 'legitimate representative' of the people". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
- ^ Dwyer, Devin; Hughes, Dana (14 December 2012). "Obama Recognizes Syrian Opposition Group". ABC News. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
- ^ U.S. recognizes Syria opposition offices as 'foreign mission', Reuters, MAY 5, 2014
- ^ "Saudi Arabia and Syria discuss political solutions to latter's crises". Arab News. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ "New Syrian opposition chief seeks recognition, arms". Antigua Observer Newspaper. Reuters. 13 November 2012. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
- ^ Black, Ian (26 March 2013). "Syrian opposition takes Arab League seat". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
- ^ "Syrian Opposition Joins Meeting of Arab League". The New York Times. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ "Syria opposition 'not yet ready for Arab League seat'". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
- ^ "Arab foreign ministers agree to readmit Syria to the Arab League". Al Arabiya. 7 May 2023.
- ^ "EU recognises Syrian National Coalition as 'legitimate' representative". France 24. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2019.