Wikipedia

Foreign relations of NATO

NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) maintains foreign relations with many non-member countries across the globe. NATO runs a number of programs which provide a framework for the partnerships between itself and these non-member nations, typically based on that country's location. These include the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Partnership for Peace.

Map of Europe with countries in six different colors based on their affiliation with NATO as follows:
Note that Membership Action Plan and Individual Partnership Action Plan countries are also Partnership for Peace members. States acceding to NATO replace Partnership for Peace membership with formal entry into the Alliance.

European Union

edit
See also: European Union–NATO relations

23 out of the 27 EU member states are members of NATO. Four EU member states, who have declared their non-alignment with military alliances, are: Austria, Cyprus, Ireland, and Malta. All these countries except Cyprus have joined the Partnership for Peace programme.

Austria

edit
Main article: Austria–NATO relations
See also: Declaration of Neutrality

Austria was occupied by the four victorious Allied powers following World War II under the Allied Control Council, similar to Germany. During negotiations to end of the occupation, which were ongoing at the same time as Germany's, the Soviet Union insisted on the reunified country adopting the model of Swiss neutrality. The US feared that this would encourage West Germany to accept similar Soviet proposals for neutrality as a condition for German reunification.[1] Shortly after West Germany's accession to NATO, the parties agreed to the Austrian State Treaty in May 1955, which was largely based on the Moscow Memorandum signed the previous month between Austria and the Soviet Union. While the treaty itself did not commit Austria to neutrality, this was subsequently enshrined into Austria's constitution that October with the Declaration of Neutrality. The Declaration prohibits Austria from joining a military alliance, from hosting foreign military bases within its borders, and from participating in a war.[2]

Membership of Austria in the European Union (or its predecessor organizations) was controversial due to the Austrian commitment to neutrality. Austria only joined in 1995, together with two Nordic countries that had also declared their neutrality in the Cold War (Sweden and Finland). Austria joined NATO's Partnership for Peace in 1995, and participates in NATO's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The Austrian military also participates in the United Nations peacekeeping operations and has deployments in several countries as of 2022, including Kosovo, Lebanon, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it has led the EUFOR mission there since 2009.[2] Conservative politician Andreas Khol, the 2016 presidential nominee from the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), has argued in favor of NATO membership for Austria in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,[3] and Chancellor from 2000 to 2007, Wolfgang Schüssel, also of the ÖVP, supported NATO membership as part of European integration. Current Chancellor Karl Nehammer, however, has rejected the idea of reopening Austria's neutrality and membership is not widely popular with the Austrian public.[4] According to a survey in May 2022 by the Austria Press Agency, only 14% of Austrians surveyed supported joining NATO, while 75% were opposed.[5] Following the accession of Finland and Sweden into NATO in 2023 and 2024 respectively, there have been renewed debates on Austria joining the bloc, similar to how Austria joined the EU alongside Finland and Sweden.[6][7][8] On May 8, 2022, a coalition of politicians, diplomats, artists and businesspeople wrote an open letter to the Austrian government asking them to review their commitment to neutrality. However, the only party to support the effort was NEOS, which holds 15 of the 183 seats in the National Council.[9][10] On March 3, 2023, another survey was held by the Austrian Society for European Politics on NATO ascension which found 21% are in favor with 61% against. This was an increase of both 7% in favor and 7% unsure, compared to the last survey 10 months prior.[11]

Cyprus

edit
Main article: Cyprus–NATO relations
See also: Cyprus problem

Cyprus is the only EU member state that is neither a NATO member state nor a member of the PfP program. The Parliament of Cyprus voted in February 2011 to apply for membership in the program, but President Demetris Christofias vetoed the decision, arguing that it would hamper his attempts to negotiate an end to the Cyprus dispute and demilitarize the island.[12][13] Turkey, a full member of NATO, is likely to veto any attempt by Cyprus to engage with NATO until the dispute is resolved.[14] Nicos Anastasiades, who was elected President in 2013, stated that he intended to apply for membership in the PfP program soon after taking over.ref>Kambas, Michele; Babington, Deepa (2013-02-24). "Cypriot conservative romps to presidential victory". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 2013-02-24.</ref> His foreign minister Nikos Christodoulides later dismissed Cypriot membership of NATO or Partnership for Peace, preferring to keep Cyprus' foreign and defence affairs within the framework of the EU, i.e. the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).[15]

After the 2023 presidential election, Anastasiades' foreign minister Christodoulides succeeded him as President. In November 2024, Christodoulides reversed his previous stance and revealed a plan to deepen Cyprus' relations with NATO and eventually join as a full member. Under the first phase of the plan, Cyprus would seek to join preparatory organizations linked to NATO, which would require progress in resolving the Cyprus dispute with NATO member Turkey and improvements to EU–Turkey relations. Practical steps of the plan include securing a longer-term exemption from the U.S. arms embargo, expanding joint military training opportunities for the Cypriot National Guard at U.S. military academies, and modernization of Cyprus' defense infrastructure to meet NATO standards.[16][17] Christodoulides stated that "the U.S. response has been very positive" and that these steps "will ensure that, once all conditions are met, Cyprus can join NATO".[18][19]

Ireland

edit
Main article: Ireland–NATO relations
See also: Irish neutrality

Ireland has been a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme since 1999, and is a member of the alliance's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), but has never officially applied to join as a full NATO member due to its traditional policy of military neutrality.[20] Ireland participates in the PfP Planning and Review Process (PARP), which aims to increase the interoperability of the Irish military, the Defence Forces, with other NATO member states and bring them into line with accepted international standards so as to successfully deploy with other professional military forces on peacekeeping operations overseas.[21]

Irish government policy for the deployment of troops to NATO-led missions requires that the missions be mandated by the United Nations (UN Security Council resolution or UN General Assembly resolution), cabinet-backed and approved by Dáil Éireann (the Irish parliament).[22] This is known as Ireland's "triple lock".[23] Ireland supplied a limited number of troops to the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan (2001–2014) and supports the ongoing NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR), as these were sanctioned by UNSC resolutions.[24][25]

Public opinion in Ireland continues to favour a policy of neutrality in armed conflicts, and currently no major political party fully supports ascension into NATO.[26] There has been, and continues to be, a number of politicians who support Ireland joining NATO, mainly within the centre-right Fine Gael party, but the majority of politicians still do not.[27][28] It is widely understood that a referendum would have to be held before any changes could be made to neutrality or to joining NATO.[29] Former Secretary General of NATO Anders Fogh Rasmussen said during a visit to the country in 2013 that the "door is open" for Ireland to join NATO at any time.[30]

Malta

edit
Main article: Malta–NATO relations

When the North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949, the Mediterranean island of Malta was a dependent territory of the United Kingdom, one of the treaty's original signatories. As such, the Crown Colony of Malta shared the UK's international memberships, including NATO. Between 1952 and 1965, the headquarters of the Allied Forces Mediterranean was based in the town of Floriana, just outside Malta's capital of Valletta. When Malta gained independence in 1964, prime minister George Borg Olivier wanted the country to join NATO. Olivier was concerned that the presence of the NATO headquarters in Malta, without the security guarantees that NATO membership entailed, made the country a potential target. However, according to a memorandum he prepared at the time he was discouraged from formally submitting a membership application by Deputy Secretary General of NATO James A. Roberts. It was believed that some NATO members, including the United Kingdom, were opposed to Maltese NATO membership. As a result Olivier considered alternatives, such as seeking associate membership or unilateral security guarantees from NATO, or closing the NATO headquarters in Malta in retaliation.[31][32][33] Ultimately, Olivier supported the alliance and signed a defense agreement with the UK for use of Maltese military facilities in exchange for around £2 million a year.[34][35] This friendly policy changed in 1971, when Dom Mintoff, of the Labour Party, was elected as prime minister. Mintoff supported neutrality as his foreign policy,[36] and the position was later enshrined into the country's constitution in 1974 as an amendment to Article 1.[37] The country joined the Non-Aligned Movement in 1979, at the same time when the British Royal Navy left its base at the Malta Dockyard.

In 1995, under Prime Minister Eddie Fenech Adami of the Nationalist Party, Malta joined the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council multilateral defense forum and NATO's Partnership for Peace program. When the Labour Party regained power the following year, however, they withdrew Malta from both organizations. Though the Nationalists resumed the majority in parliament in 1998, Malta didn't rejoin the EAPC and PfP programs again until 2008, after the country had joined the European Union in 2004. Since re-joining, Malta has been building its relations with NATO and getting involved in wider projects including the PfP Planning and Review Process and the NATO Science for Peace and Security Program.[38][39]

NATO membership is not supported by any of the country's political parties, including neither the governing Labour Party nor the opposition Nationalist Party. NATO's secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg has stated that the alliance fully respects Malta's position of neutrality, and put no pressure for the country to join the alliance.[38] Polling done by the island-nation's Ministry of Foreign Affairs found in February 2022 that 63% of those surveyed supported the island's neutrality, and only 6% opposed the policy, with 14% undecided.[40] A Eurobarometer survey in May 2022 found that 75% of Maltese would however support greater military cooperation within the European Union.[41]

Europe

edit
See also: Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and Enlargement of NATO § Membership debates

Microstates

edit

NATO has diplomatic relations with the 5 European microstates: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City.[42] These microstates are neutral, have only nominal militaries, are surrounded by NATO members (except for Liechtenstein), and are part of the OSCE but do not participate in NATO's PfP.[43]

Armenia

edit
Main article: Armenia–NATO relations

Armenia has maintained positive relations with NATO members and has signed up for the Partnership for Peace programme, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Individual Partnership Action Plan.[44] However, Armenia is unlikely to join NATO as its policies often align it closer with Russia, and it remains a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia pulled out of its participation in NATO military exercises in Georgia on 8 May 2009, because of NATO's Secretary-General's alleged support of Azerbaijan, possibly making it even less likely that Armenia would eventually join NATO.[45] Armenia does however participate in certain NATO peacekeeping operations. Armenia deployed approximately 130 soldiers in Afghanistan, as part of the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). They were serving under German command protecting an airport in Konduz.[46]

On 3 September 2023, Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan stated that it was a strategic mistake for Armenia to solely rely on Russia to guarantee its security. Pashinyan confirmed that Armenia is trying to diversify its security arrangements, most notably with the European Union and the United States.[47] On 23 February 2024, Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan, confirmed that Armenia has frozen its participation in the CSTO. Pashinyan stated, "We have now in practical terms frozen our participation in this treaty" and "membership of the CSTO was under review" during a live broadcast interview.[48] On 28 February 2024, during a speech made in the National Assembly, Pashinyan further stated that the CSTO is "a threat to the national security of Armenia".[49]

Azerbaijan

edit
Main article: Azerbaijan–NATO relations

Azerbaijan was originally a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, but has since committed to a policy of neutrality in 1999.[50] While President Ilham Aliyev has generally supported non-belligerency (though not neutrality due to the unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh) since his rise to power in 2003, Azerbaijan has hosted NATO military exercises and high-profile meetings in 2009.[51] Azerbaijan made its policy of not being aligned with a geopolitical/military structure official when it became a full member of the Non-Aligned Movement in 2011.

Belarus

edit
Main article: Belarus–NATO relations

Bosnia and Herzegovina

edit
Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina–NATO relations

The 1995 NATO bombing of Bosnia and Herzegovina targeted the Bosnian Serb Army and together with international pressure led to the resolution of the Bosnian War and the signing of the Dayton Agreement in 1995. Since then, NATO has led the Implementation Force and Stabilization Force, and other peacekeeping efforts in the country.

Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the Partnership for Peace program of NATO in 2006, and signed an agreement on security cooperation in March 2007.[52] The nation began further cooperation with NATO within their Individual Partnership Action Plan in January 2008.[53] Bosnia then started the process of Intensified Dialogue at the 2008 Bucharest summit.[54] The country was invited to join the Adriatic Charter of NATO aspirants on 25 September 2008.[55] Then in November 2008, a joint announcement from the Defence Minister and the NATO Mission Office in Sarajevo suggested that Bosnia and Herzegovina could join NATO by 2011 if it continued the defense reforms made so far.[56]

In January 2009, Defence Minister Selmo Cikotić again confirmed Bosnia's interest in seeking a Membership Action Plan (MAP) at the 2009 summit, with membership by 2012 at the latest.[57] In February 2009 Defence Minister Selmo Cikotić presented poll numbers on NATO membership: 70% of the country supports NATO membership; however while 89% of the Federation Entity supports NATO membership, only 44% in the RS Entity did.[citation needed] While the country did not receive a MAP at the April 2009 summit in Strasbourg–Kehl, Stuart Jones, an official of the US State Department, said on a September 2009 visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina that NATO was going to look at the possibilities for them to receive one in a December 2009 summit, repeating strong US support for the possibility. Then on 2 October 2009, Haris Silajdžić, the Bosniak Member of the Presidency, announced an official application for a MAP. On 22 April 2010, NATO agreed to launch the MAP for Bosnia and Herzegovina, but with certain conditions.[58] Turkey is thought to be the biggest supporter of Bosnian membership.[59]

Bosnia and Herzegovina has yet to fulfil the condition to launch an Annual National Programme under its MAP: the transfer of the registration of 63 military facilities from the local level to the central government.[60][61] As of November 2018, 33 have been fully transferred, all of which are located in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[62][63] The Republika Srpska (RS), the Serbian political subdivision of Bosnia, opposes the move and refuses to transfer the 23 properties located in its territory. A Bosnian court has ruled that it must transfer the military facility in Han Pijesak in RS to the Bosnian government.[64] This was upheld by a ruling of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 16 August 2017.[65]

Despite the fact that all immovable property is not fully registered, NATO approved the activation of the Membership Action Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina, and called on Bosnia to submit an Annual National Program on 5 December 2018.[66] On 17 December, United States Deputy Secretary of State John Sullivan stated the United States supports Bosnia and Herzegovina's bid to join NATO, and dismissed Serb objections by adding that "Washington would react strongly to any threat to the stability of the country".[67] The submission of a MAP Annual National Program was delayed due to a veto by Milorad Dodik, the Serb member of the Bosnian Presidency.[68] The issue also prevented the formation of a government following the 2018 Bosnian general election.[69] On 19 November 2019, as part of a broader deal on government formation, Dodik agreed to a Reform Program which would be sent to Brussels.[70] However, there is disagreement on whether this Reform Program is actually an Annual National Program under NATO.[71]

Georgia

edit
Main article: Georgia–NATO relations

Kazakhstan

edit
Main article: Foreign relations of Kazakhstan § NATO

Kosovo

edit

Kosovo submitted an application to join the PfP program in July 2012, though its lack of recognition by four NATO member states could impede its accession.[72] Kosovo’s parliament was upgraded to associate member status of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly in March 2024.[73][74]

Moldova

edit
Main article: Moldova–NATO relations
 
Moldovan soldiers participate in Exercise Peace Shield 2011 in Bulboaca with US and NATO experts

Moldova does not currently have plans to join NATO. It has participated in the Partnership for Peace programme and the Individual Partnership Action Plan. The former communist government was seen as more allied with Russia and is already a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In April 2009 Moldova announced it would not participate in the June NATO military exercises.[75][76] The new ruling party, the Alliance for European Integration, elected in the July 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election, declined to take any action to either move it toward membership, or withdraw from the Commonwealth of Independent States, and denied plans to do either.[77] Moldova also has an ongoing internal conflict with the territory of Transnistria.

Russia

edit
Main article: Russia–NATO relations

In April 2009, the Polish Foreign Minister, Radosław Sikorski, suggested including Russia in NATO. In March 2010 this suggestion was repeated in an open letter co-written by German defense experts General Klaus Naumann, Frank Elbe, Ulrich Weisser, and former German Defense Minister Volker Rühe. In the letter it was suggested that Russia was needed in the wake of an emerging multi-polar world in order for NATO to counterbalance emerging Asian powers.[78] However Russian leadership has made it clear that Russia does not plan to join the alliance, preferring to keep cooperation on a lower level. The Russian envoy to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin, is quoted as saying "Great powers don't join coalitions, they create coalitions. Russia considers itself a great power," although he said that Russia did not rule out membership at some point in the future.[79]

Serbia

edit
Main article: Serbia–NATO relations

NATO historically fought Bosnian-Serbian forces during the Bosnia war and intervened in 1999 in the Kosovo War by bombing targets in Serbia (then part of FR Yugoslavia).[80] After the overthrow of President Slobodan Milošević, Serbia wanted to improve its relations with NATO. However, a future membership in the military alliance remained highly controversial, because among political parties and large sections of society there were still resentments due to NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999.[81][82] In the years under Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić the country (then Serbia and Montenegro) did not rule out joining NATO. But after Đinđić's assassination in 2003, Belgrade increasingly started preferring a course of military neutrality (officially declared in 2007).[83][84]

The subsequent independence of Montenegro and Kosovo have strained relations between Serbia and NATO. Serbia however joined the Partnership for Peace programme during the 2006 Riga Summit. While this programme is sometimes the first step towards full NATO membership, it is uncertain whether Serbia perceives it as signaling an intent to join the alliance.[85]

 
Neću NATO (eng. I do not want NATO) Anti-NATO signs in Serbia in 2011

Following NATO's open support to Kosovo's declaration of independence in January 2008, support for NATO integration greatly dropped. An earlier poll in September 2007 had showed that 28% of Serbian citizens supported NATO membership, with 58% supporting the Partnership for Peace.[86] The Democratic Party abandoned its pro-NATO attitude, claiming the Partnership for Peace is enough.

Although current Serbian priorities do not include NATO membership, the Alliance has offered Serbia an invitation to enter the intensified dialogue programme whenever the country is ready.[87] On 1 October 2008, Serbian Defence Minister Dragan Šutanovac signed the Information Exchange Agreement with the NATO, one of the prerequisites for fuller membership in the Partnership for Peace programme.[88]

In 2015, Serbia implemented its first Individual Partnership Action Plan with NATO,[89] regularly participates in its military maneuvers and hosted a joint civil protection exercise with NATO in 2018.[90][91]

Switzerland

edit
Main article: Switzerland–NATO relations
See also: Swiss neutrality

Switzerland has several centuries of military and political neutrality. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Swiss support for closer NATO alliance reached historic highs.[92]

Ukraine

edit
Main article: Ukraine–NATO relations

At the beginning of 2008, the Ukrainian President, Prime Minister and head of parliament sent an official letter to apply for the Membership Action Plan. The idea of Ukrainian membership in NATO has gained support from a number of NATO leaders.[93] At the 2008 Bucharest summit, NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer declared in a press conference that Georgia and Ukraine would eventually join NATO.[94] Within the NATO-Ukraine working commission, NATO officials reassured Ukraine officials that they are willing to invite their country to join the Alliance. The Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia, Alexander Grushko, announced that NATO membership for Ukraine was not in Russia's best interests and wouldn't help the relations of the two countries.[95]

According to numerous independent polls conducted between 2002 and the events of 2014, Ukrainian public opinion on NATO membership was split, with the majority of those polled against joining the military alliance and many identifying it as a threat.[96][97] According to the FOM-Ukraine pollster, as of April 2009, 57% of Ukrainians polled were against joining the alliance, while 21% were in favor.[98] A Gallup poll conducted in October 2008 showed that 45% associated NATO as a threat to their country, while only 15% associated it with protection.[99] Ukrainian politicians such as Yuriy Yekhanurov and Yulia Tymoshenko stated Ukraine would not join NATO as long as the public continued opposing the move.[100] In 2008 the Ukrainian government started an information campaign, aimed at informing the Ukrainian people about the consequences of membership.[96][101]

The 2010 election returned Viktor Yanukovych as Ukrainian President and marked a turnaround in Ukraine's relations with NATO. In February 2010, he stated that Ukraine's relations with NATO were currently "well-defined", and that there was "no question of Ukraine joining NATO". He said the issue of Ukrainian membership of NATO might "emerge at some point, but we will not see it in the immediate future."[102] While visiting Brussels in March 2010, he further stated that there would be no change to Ukraine's status as a member of the alliance's outreach program.[103] He later reiterated during a trip to Moscow that Ukraine would remain a "European, non-aligned state."[104][105] Then, on 3 June 2010 the Ukrainian parliament voted to exclude the goal of "integration into Euro-Atlantic security and NATO membership" from the country's national security strategy in a bill drafted by Yanukovych himself.[106]

Amid the Euromaidan unrest, Yanukovych fled Ukraine in February 2014.[107] The interim Yatsenyuk Government which came to power, initially said, with reference to the country's non-aligned status, that it had no plans to join NATO.[108] However, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine and parliamentary elections in October 2014, the new government made joining NATO a priority.[109] On 23 December 2014, the Ukrainian parliament renounced Ukraine's non-aligned status[107][110] that "proved to be ineffective in guaranteeing Ukraine's security and protecting the country from external aggression and pressure".[111] Ukraine and NATO have since held joint seminars and joint tactical and strategical exercises and operations.[112][113]

 
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg in June 2019

Since the start of the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, public support for Ukrainian membership in NATO has risen greatly. Since June 2014 polls show that about 50% of those asked voice support for Ukrainian membership.[114][115][116] By early 2022 (just before the Russian invasion of Ukraine began), support had risen further to 62% as Russia built up forces near the Ukrainian border.[117] In March 2022, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, president of Ukraine, stated that he did not anticipate Ukraine joining NATO in the near future.[118] However, in September 2022, he announced that Ukraine has applied for NATO membership under an accelerated procedure, following Russia's claimed annexation of Southeastern Ukraine.[119]

Global NATO

edit
See also: Mediterranean Dialogue and Istanbul Cooperation Initiative

In 2006, the then United States Ambassador to NATO Ivo H. Daalder together with James Goldgeier conceived the term "Global NATO".[120][121] Subsequently, ideas for membership of various states were floated: Brazil, South Africa, Singapore, India, Israel, and most frequently of Australia, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand and Colombia.[120] The idea is to transform the Cold War institution into a "Global alliance of democracies".[122]

Australia

edit

The issue of Australian NATO membership is often brought forward.[120][122][123][124] Australia is even referred to as a "de facto member of NATO".[125] Australia is referred to by NATO as one of their "partners across the globe", agreeing to work on crisis and conflict management, post-conflict situations, reconstruction and facilitating humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. NATO and Australia signed a joint political declaration in June 2012 followed by a signature of an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme in February of the next year.[126]

General Knud Bartels, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee at the time, stressed the need for "substantial and practical cooperation, to learn from each other, share best practices and develop common standards because NATO and Australia have a strong partnership and are committed to enhancing their abilities of working together in order to better tackle future global challenges". Australia attended the NATO Summit for first time in 2022.

Colombia

edit

Colombia is NATO's latest partner in Latin America and Colombia has access to the full range of cooperative activities NATO offers to partners. NATO and Colombia have concluded a partnership agreement with a view to strengthening dialogue and cooperation to address shared security challenges.[127] A close strategic ally and trade partner of the U.S. and Spain, Colombia has been a strong supporter of NATO and its actions. In 2009, the Colombian Government asked to be part of the ISAF and work with the Spanish contingent in mine detection operations,[128] but this didn't materialize due to the internal conflict that Colombia faced. In March 2011, Colombia voted in favor of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, thus officially allowing for NATO military intervention in the Libyan Civil War.[129] In April 2012, Colombia was amended into the NATO ATP-56(B) which gave Colombia "associate" status and to re-establish air-to-air fueling capabilities with NATO member countries.[130][131]

On 4 June 2013, Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos announced that Colombia will be signing a Cooperation Agreement with NATO in hopes of eventually joining the military alliance. Santos also stated that: "If we can achieve peace, the army will be in a place where it will be able to distinguish itself internationally as well. We are already doing it on many fronts."[132] In response, the U.S. government noted, "Our goal is certainly to support Colombia as being a capable and strong member of lots of different international organizations, and that might well include NATO. Ultimately this is a decision that all of the NATO members would have to make."[133]

However, on the same day, a Colombian and NATO official both objected to NATO membership for Colombia. Defense Minister Juan Carlos Pinzon stated his country merely wished to sign a cooperation deal with NATO,[134] and a NATO official noted that, "There is no immediate plan for establishing a formal partnership between the alliance and Colombia, but we are exploring the possibility of carrying out specific activities together...and we are currently developing a security of information agreement which would allow the exchange of classified information between the alliance and Colombia."[135]

On the 10th of March 2022, in the context of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and amidst talks of new oil negotiations with Venezuela, US President Joe Biden announced Colombia had been designated Major Non-NATO Ally, in a bilateral meeting at the White House.[136][137]

India

edit

In September 2011, The NATO alliance invited India to be a partner in its ballistic missile defence (BMD).[138][139] According to the reports a top NATO official stated addressing Indian representatives, "You have a missile threat that confronts you. We have a missile threat that confronts us. It's a different one, but our ability to defend against it could be the same. We have cooperation on those kind of issues. [..]Democracies face challenges that are common. We need to work together and resolve. We need to cooperate, because individually we cannot deal with such threats. It is better to deal with such issues commonly than deal with them individually."[138] V. K. Saraswat, the architect of Indian BMD program, subsequently informed, "We are analysing the report. It is under consideration."[139]

Then-U.S. NATO Ambassador Ivo H. Daalder has suggested that India should turn away from its non-aligned role and join NATO. A Voice of Russia analysis quoted Robert Pshel, head of NATO's Information Office in Moscow as saying "I agree with Mr Daalder that many modern threats are global, and tackling them without emerging powers like India is hardly possible."[140] Daalder further stated, "The dialogue should be on how India's concept of its own security and of international security fits in with NATO's concept of international security and how NATO as an actor and India as a country can work together to promote security."[141]

The United States and India have already studied the possibility of a joint missile defence system, although former Defence Secretary Robert Gates stated that "talks were only in their early stages."[140] Boris Volkonsky of the Russian Strategic Research Institute was quoted as saying, "an ally like India would strengthen Washington's hand in South and Southwest Asia and other world areas."[140] A Voice of Russia analysis speculated on an additional, ulterior motive from a shared Indian and American fear of the "rising dragon of China".[140]

And while most members of the Indian strategic community readily admit that NATO's Afghanistan mission coincides with India's own strategic interest in stabilising that country, they do not necessarily conclude from this that India and NATO should develop closer cooperation. It is believed that many Indian analysts harbour doubts about the possible implications for their country's international position should it develop closer ties with NATO. In a report published by NATO review it said, "The choice should be clear: exploiting NATO's potential as a forum for consultation and cooperation is a 'win-win' situation, both for India and for the Alliance."[142]

Israel

edit
Further information: Israel–United States military relations

Israel was designated as a major non-NATO ally in 1987 by US President Ronald Reagan[143][144] and has since cooperated with NATO in the areas of technology, counterterrorism and other areas.[145]

Japan

edit

Cooperation between Japan and NATO began in 1990, and Japan was one of the first "partners across the globe" when the relationship became more formalized.[146] Japan deepened their relationship in April 2013 with a joint political declaration, and in May 2014 signed accords relating to counter-terrorism and counter-piracy efforts.[147] Japan has also been involved in the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan and with stabilization efforts in the Balkans during the 1990s.[148]

On June 29, 2022, the Prime Minister of Japan attended the NATO Summit for first time, as the trans-Atlantic alliance seeks to deepen ties with Asia-Pacific partners amid China's rise.[149] Japan and NATO signed the Individually Tailored Partnership Program (ITPP) in 2023.

In May 2023, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida stated Japan had no plans to join NATO as a member or semi-member state.[150] In June 2023, it was reported that NATO and Japan had agreed to open its first Asia liaison office in Tokyo in 2024 for use as a hub for co-operation with Australia, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea.[150][151] However, these plans were later shelved.[151]

On February 26, 2024, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan Yoko Kamikawa and NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) Christopher G. Cavoli agreed to strengthen cooperation between Tokyo and the alliance. Both sides welcomed the progress of concrete cooperation between Japan and NATO in areas such as cyber, space, and maritime security, and concurred to further strengthen Japan-NATO cooperation.[152]

South Korea

edit
See also: Korean conflict
 
NATO Parliamentary Union Delegation to South Korea, October 2022

South Korea is a global NATO partner and major non-NATO ally which has cooperated with NATO in multiple areas. For example, South Korea contributed substantially to rebuilding efforts after the 2001 war in Afghanistan.[153] South Korea has also worked with NATO in the areas of non-proliferation and anti-WMD initiatives, advanced scientific and technology research as well as taken measures to ensure interoperability with NATO forces, including through joint exercises with NATO member countries through events such as RIMPAC and participation at NATO leadership meetings.[154][155]

South Korea and NATO relations have improved rapidly after Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022 and Seoul has become a key partner to NATO.[156] The South Korean president attended the NATO Summit for first time in 2022 and later in 2023 and 2024 as well. In 2022, South Korea opened its diplomatic mission to NATO in Brussels and was the first East Asian country that joined a NATO centre excellence (the Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence). In 2023, South Korea and NATO signed the Individually Tailored Partnership Program (ITPP) and started regular military staff consultations. Although the relations between South Korea and NATO deepened rapidly after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, they were enabled by the combination of several factors including previous collobarations and personal relations.[157] Furthermore, South Korea has become a major armament exporter to those European NATO countries which wanted to increase their military capabilities quickly, as it was able to deliver large quantities of sophisticated complex weapon systems rapidly and cost-effectively after 2022. These armament deals have increased South Korea's relevance to NATO further.[158]

Mongolia

edit

The NATO–Mongolia Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme was approved on 19 March 2012. It is the first application of the new policy for flexible partnerships with global partners.[159][160][161] Mongolia has worked with NATO on initiatives relating to interoperability, military modernization and officer training, as well as provided troops to support NATO's operations in Afghanistan from 2009–2014. More recently, Mongolia has been working together with NATO on Science for Peace and Security Programme, which focuses on cybersecurity and reducing the environmental impact of military sites.[162]

New Zealand

edit

In 2001, NATO and New Zealand signalled their commitment to strengthen cooperation with the joint signature of an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programme in June 2012. New Zealand has made valuable contributions to NATO-led efforts in Afghanistan, as part of the International Security Assistance Force and Resolute Support missions to train, advise and assist the Afghan security forces and institutions. New Zealand attended the NATO Summit for first time in 2022.

Pakistan

edit
Main articles: Pakistan–NATO relations and Pakistan–United States military relations

Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally, cooperating in several main sectors: fighting insurgency and terrorism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Afghanistan, military cooperation, transportation and logistics operations support to Afghanistan, and non-proliferation.[163]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Austrian State Treaty, 1955". United States Department of State. 2008-07-18. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  2. ^ a b "EXPLAINED: The history behind Austria's neutrality". TheLocal. 2022-02-08. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  3. ^ Hoare, Liam (2022-03-22). "As Finland and Sweden consider Nato membership, Austria clings to neutrality". The New Statesman. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
  4. ^ Scally, Derek (2022-05-11). "Austria holds to neutrality tradition despite Nordic shift to Nato". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
  5. ^ "Majority of Austrians reject joining NATO". 2022-05-06. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  6. ^ Walter, Jan D. "Will Austria abandon neutrality to join NATO?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  7. ^ Barber, Tony. "Rethinking neutrality in Europe". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  8. ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan. "Why Neutrality Is Obsolete in the 21st Century". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  9. ^ "Austria — it's time to join NATO". politico. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  10. ^ "Zweiter offener Brief an den Bundespräsidenten, die Bundesregierung, den Nationalrat und die Bevölkerung Österreichs". .unseresicherheit.org. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  11. ^ Kirez, Timo. "Clear majority of Austrians against NATO accession: Survey". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  12. ^ "Cypriot parliament votes to join NATO's Partnership for Peace". SETimes. 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  13. ^ "Cyprus – Vouli Antiprosopon (House of Representatives)". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
  14. ^ Dempsey, Judy (2012-11-24). "Between the European Union and NATO, Many Walls". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  15. ^ "Cyprus dismisses reports on NATO scenarios". KNEWS – Kathimerini Cyprus. 2018-06-05. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
  16. ^ Αργύρη, Λένας (2024-11-24). "Βήμα βήμα προς το ΝΑΤΟ η Κύπρος". Kathimerini. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  17. ^ "Cyprus moves closer to NATO, talks begin on permanent U.S. military presence". Kathimerini Cyprus. 25 November 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  18. ^ "Christodoulides: Once everything is in place, we want Cyprus to become a NATO member". Proto Thema. 2024-11-28. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  19. ^ HADJICOSTIS, MENELAOS (2024-11-28). "Cyprus could become a member of NATO when conditions permit, the country's president says". Associated Press. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  20. ^ "NATO's 'neutral' European partners: valuable contributors or free riders?". NATO Review Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  21. ^ "Defence Questions: Irish cooperation with NATO in Ukraine". Eoghan Murphy TD. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  22. ^ "Ireland: dealing with NATO and neutrality". NATO Review Magazine. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  23. ^ Lee, Dorcha (18 September 2014). "Time to adjust the peacekeeping triple lock". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  24. ^ "Current Missions ISAF". Defence Forces Ireland. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  25. ^ "Current Missions > KFOR". Defence Forces Ireland. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  26. ^ O'Carroll, Sinead (13 February 2013). "Poll: Should Ireland give up its neutrality?". thejournal.ie. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  27. ^ McCullagh, David (19 May 2015). "David McCullagh blogs on Ireland's defence policy". RTÉ Prime Time. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  28. ^ Roche, Barry (30 August 2014). "Ireland should change position on military neutrality, says academic". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  29. ^ "Challenges and opportunities abroad: White paper on foreign policy" (PDF). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Ireland. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  30. ^ Lynch, Suzanne (11 February 2013). "Door is open for Ireland to join Nato, says military alliance's chief". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  31. ^ Debono, James (2014-02-14). "Cabinet minutes: Borg Olivier considered closing down NATO base". Malta Today. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
  32. ^ "NATO Headache Seen In Malta Application". The Desert Sun. 1964-10-24. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
  33. ^ Fenech, Dominic (February 1997). "Malta's external security". GeoJournal. 41 (2): 153–163. Bibcode:1997GeoJo..41..153F. doi:10.1023/A:1006888926016. S2CID 151123282. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
  34. ^ The Outlook for an Independent Malta (PDF). Library – Reading Room: Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  35. ^ Flores, Karl; Ġwann, San (8 October 2018). "Malta's independence". Times of Malta. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  36. ^ "MALTA CONFIRMS BREAK WITH NATO". The New York Times. 1971-08-17. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
  37. ^ "Act. LVIII of 1974 – Constitution of Malta (Amendment) (No. 2) Act, 1974". Constitution of Malta. 1974-12-13. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  38. ^ a b "Relations with Malta". NATO. 2021-04-01. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
  39. ^ "Country Flyer 2021 — Malta" (PDF). The NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  40. ^ "Two in three Maltese strongly support neutrality – survey". Times of Malta. 2022-02-09. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
  41. ^ Debono, James (2022-05-05). "75% of Maltese want greater EU military cooperation after Ukraine invasion". Malta Today. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  42. ^ Elliott, Katie (March 7, 2022). "Which European countries are not part of NATO?". Daily Express.
  43. ^ Cottey, Andrew (2018). "Chapter 1 – Introduction: The European Neutral States". The European Neutrals and NATO: Non-alignment, Partnership, Membership?. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 5. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-59524-9_1. ISBN 978-1-137-59523-2.
  44. ^ "Armenia-NATO Partnership Plan corresponds to interests of both parties". PanARMENIAN.Net. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  45. ^ "Armenia Says NATO Support For Azerbaijan Prompted Pullout". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  46. ^ "News – mediamax.am". mediamax.am. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  47. ^ "Armenian PM says depending solely on Russia for security was 'strategic mistake'". reuters.com. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  48. ^ "Armenia freezes participation in Russia-led security bloc - Prime Minister". Reuters. 23 February 2023.
  49. ^ https://twitter.com/301arm/status/1762902687517901030 [bare URL]
  50. ^ "Azerbaijan not to join NATO". Zee News. 25 May 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  51. ^ "Azerbaijan: Baku Can Leapfrog over Ukraine, Georgia for NATO Membership – Source". EurasiaNet.org. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  52. ^ "Bosnia, NATO sign security deal". B92. 19 March 2007. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
  53. ^ "NATO approves BiH's pre-membership action plan". SETimes.com. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  54. ^ "Bosnia hopes to join NATO by 2015". AFP. Haaba. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  55. ^ Avaz, Dnevni (26 September 2008). "BiH, Montenegro invited to join Adriatic Charter of NATO aspirants". Southeast European Times. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  56. ^ Numanović, S. (12 November 2008). "BiH ulazi u NATO 2011. godine?". Dnevni avaz (in Bosnian). Retrieved 12 November 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  57. ^ Fena (1 January 2009). "Posljednji korak ka punopravnom članstvu". Dnevni avaz (in Bosnian). Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  58. ^ "Bosnia gets Nato membership plan". BBC News. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  59. ^ Sarić, Lejla (22 April 2010). "BiH dobila zeleno svjetlo za MAP" [BiH got green light for MAP]. Radio Slobodna Evropa. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  60. ^ Stiglmayer, Alexandra. "Work in progress: Bosnia 20 years after Dayton". NATO.
  61. ^ "NATO rules out admitting new members anytime soon". Fox news. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  62. ^ Lakic, Mladen (2018-11-14). "Bosnian Minister Floats Hopes of Progress Towards NATO". Retrieved 2019-03-07.
  63. ^ "54th Report of the High Representative for Implementation of the Peace Agreement on BiH to the Secretary-General of the United Nations". High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
  64. ^ Kovacevic, Danijel (23 November 2016). "Bosnian Military Property Dispute Bars Way to NATO".
  65. ^ Kovacevic, Danijel (16 August 2017). "Court Rejects Bosnian Serb Claim to Army Facilities". Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  66. ^ Lakic, Mladen (2018-12-05). "NATO Approves Membership Action Plan for Bosnia". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  67. ^ Sito-Sucic, Daria (17 December 2018). "U.S. backs NATO membership for Bosnia, dismisses Serb opposition". Reuters. Sarajevo. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  68. ^ "Bosnia as the new 'battleground' between NATO and Russia". Al Jazeera. 2019-07-07. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
  69. ^ "Council of Europe Assembly to Suspend Bosnia's Membership". 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
  70. ^ Kovacevic, Danijel (2019-12-21). "'Reform Program' Fails to Clarify Bosnia's NATO Ties". Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  71. ^ "Dodik: adopted BiH's Reform Plan does not represent the Annual National Plan for NATO". 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  72. ^ "Kosovo seeks to join international organisations". Turkish Weekly. 2012-07-19. Archived from the original on 2012-07-25. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  73. ^ "Nato Pa". 17 January 2024.
  74. ^ "Kosovo Granted NATO Parliamentary Assembly Status Upgrade". 27 May 2024.
  75. ^ "Roundup". www.setimes.com. 2009.
  76. ^ "Russia expels Canadian diplomats". BBC News. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  77. ^ "Moldova's acting president denies that Moldova plans to leave CIS, enter NATO". Kyiv Post. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
  78. ^ Ex-minister wants to bring Russia into NATO Der Spiegel Retrieved on 9 March 2010
  79. ^ "Russia does not rule out future NATO membership". EUobserver. April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  80. ^ ""Vojna neutralnost nije izolacija"". B92.net (in Serbian). Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  81. ^ Mandić, Marija (2016). "Official Commemoration of the NATO Bombing of Serbia. A Case Study of the Fifteenth Anniversary" (PDF). Südosteuropa. 64 (4): 460–481. doi:10.1515/soeu-2016-0042. hdl:21.15107/rcub_dais_7921. S2CID 199469980.
  82. ^ Pejic, Nenad (3 March 2011). "Serbia's Decade Of Denial". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  83. ^ Ejdus, Filip (2014). "Serbia's Military Neutrality: Origins, effects and challenges". Croatian International Relations Review. 20 (71): 43–70. doi:10.2478/cirr-2014-0008. S2CID 154105390. Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2021-02-08 – via DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals.
  84. ^ Seroka, Jim (2010). "Serbian National Security and Defense Strategy: Forever Wandering in the Wilderness?". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 23 (3): 438–460. doi:10.1080/13518046.2010.503146. S2CID 154930410 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  85. ^ "Military independence is not isolation". B92 (in Serbian). 6 October 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  86. ^ "Serbians Yearn for EU, Reject Joining NATO". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 25 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  87. ^ "NATO offers "intensified dialogue" to Serbia". B92. 3 April 2008. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  88. ^ "Serbia signs information exchange agreement with NATO". Southeast European Times. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
  89. ^ NATO. "Relations with Serbia". NATO. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  90. ^ "NATO i Srbija ostavili bombardovanje iza sebe". BBC News Na Srpskom.
  91. ^ "Serbia hosts joint military exercises with Russia". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-03-11.
  92. ^ Oltermann, Philip (2023-03-22). "Switzerland's national pride dealt heavy blow by the merger of its banking titans". The Guardian. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  93. ^ Ďurianová, Marta (20 March 2006). "President Gašparovič meets Ukrainian Foreign Affairs Minister". The Slovak Spectator. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  94. ^ "Nato denies Georgia and Ukraine". BBC News. April 3, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  95. ^ "News of Ukraine :: Interfax – Ukraine". Archived from the original on 2007-02-09.
  96. ^ a b Khrestin, Igor (18 August 2008). "Politics as usual". UNIAN. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  97. ^ Razumkov Centre poll Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 26 August 2009
  98. ^ FOM-Ukraine April 2009 survey, FOM-Ukraine Retrieved on 4 June 2009
  99. ^ Esipova, Neli; English, Cynthia (October 1, 2008). "Ukrainians May Oppose President's Pro-Western Goals". Gallup. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  100. ^ "Ukraine will not join NATO without referendum". GlobalSecurity. Vol. 5, no. 173. 19 January 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  101. ^ "Itar-Tass". Archived from the original on 2010-10-11.
  102. ^ Yanukovych opens door to Russian navy keeping base in Ukraine GlobalSecurity.org Retrieved on 9 March 2010
  103. ^ Ukraine's Yanukovych: EU ties a 'key priority', Kyiv Post (1 March 2010)
  104. ^ Ukraine vows new page in ties with Russia[permanent dead link‍] Retrieved on 9 March 2010
  105. ^ "Ukraine drops Nato membership pursuit". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  106. ^ Ukraine drops NATO membership bid, EUobserver (6 June 2010)
  107. ^ a b Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Poroshenko, Interfax-Ukraine (23 December 2014)
  108. ^ Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO, Interfax-Ukraine (29 March 2014)
  109. ^ "New Ukraine Coalition Agreed, Sets NATO As Priority". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2014-11-22. Retrieved 2014-11-22.
  110. ^ Shchetko, Nick; Cullison, Alan. "Ukraine Ends 'Nonaligned' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia". WSJ. Archived from the original on May 25, 2023.
  111. ^ "Spotlight: Scrapping non-aligned status paves Ukraine's way to NATO, fuels Russia's wrath". Xinhua News Agency. Published on 2014-12-24.
  112. ^ "Ukraine, NATO to hold security exercises during Euro 2012", Kyiv Post (26 March 2012).
    "Yanukovych signs decree on Ukraine-NATO annual cooperation programs". Interfax-Ukraine. 12 June 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013.
    Military manoeuvres in Ukraine Archived 2013-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, Euronews (4 August 2011)
  113. ^ Yanukovych approves program of Ukraine-NATO cooperation for 2012, Kyiv Post (20 April 2012)
  114. ^ Nearly 40% of Ukrainians ready to demonstrate if authorities do not fulfil promises, ITAR-TASS (October 22, 2014)
  115. ^ (in Ukrainian) Accession to the EU support almost two-thirds of Ukrainians, 51% – for joining NATO – opinion poll 24 (TV channel) (20/11/14)
  116. ^ Less than half of Ukrainians support NATO membership, Interfax-Ukraine (18 April 2016)
  117. ^ "Ukrainians' Support for Joining NATO Hits Record High – Poll". The Moscow Times. 2022-02-18. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  118. ^ Andrew Carey; Oleksandra Ochman; Kylie Atwood; Paul LeBlanc (2022-03-16). "Zelensky signals he doesn't expect Ukraine to join NATO anytime soon". CNN. Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  119. ^ "Ukraine applies for fast-track NATO membership". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
  120. ^ a b c "NATO: the Australian experience". ABC News. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  121. ^ "Foreign Affairs" – via www.foreignaffairs.com.
  122. ^ a b "Australia and NATO: A deeper relationship?". Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  123. ^ "US turns the screws on NATO, lauds its ally Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  124. ^ "Australia: A Global Member for the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation" (PDF).[permanent dead link‍]
  125. ^ "NATO enlargement needs US and Australian leadership". On Line Opinion. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  126. ^ "Relations with Australia". North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  127. ^ "Relations with Colombia". nato.int. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  128. ^ "Colombia to send 50 soldiers to Afghanistan". 28 May 2010.
  129. ^ "Security Council Approves 'No-Fly Zone' over Libya, Authorizing 'All Necessary". Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  130. ^ "Por Primera Vez, la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana reabastece en vuelo a los F-18 Canadienses". 19 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  131. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-06-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  132. ^ "Colombia heads toward NATO membership". InterAksyon.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  133. ^ U.S. might support Colombia NATO bid: State Department official Archived 2013-12-25 at the Wayback Machine Raw Story
  134. ^ "Colombia Minister Says No to NATO Membership". Fox News. Associated Press. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  135. ^ "NATO Rules Out Colombia Membership". DefenseNews. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013.
  136. ^ NBC. "Biden Designates Colombia As 'Major Non-NATO Ally' In Bilateral Meeting". YouTube.
  137. ^ The Hill (10 March 2022). "Biden Designates Colombia As 'Major Non-NATO Ally' In Bilateral Meeting".
  138. ^ a b PTI (4 September 2011). "NATO offers missile defence cooperation to India". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  139. ^ a b Subramanian, T.S. (7 October 2011). "India studying NATO offer on joining missile programme". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  140. ^ a b c d Akhtar Jamal. "India may agree to deploy NATO missile system". The Pak Observer. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
  141. ^ "NATO woos India, says ties important to ensure global safety and security". Jagran Post. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  142. ^ "India and NATO: size no problem". NATO Review. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  143. ^ Dan Fisher (1987-02-16). "U.S. Is Granting Israel Non-NATO Ally Status : Move Should Bring Strategic and Economic Gains, Shamir Says; Egypt Gets Same Rating". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2022-02-03. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  144. ^ "Major Non-NATO Ally Status". US Department of State. Archived from the original on 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  145. ^ "NATO Secretary General meets with Foreign Minister of Israel". NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 2021-07-12. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  146. ^ "NATO's relations with Contact Countries". 9 April 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  147. ^ Croft, Adrian (6 May 2014). "Japan, worried about China, strengthens ties with NATO". Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  148. ^ "NATO cooperation with Japan". NATO. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  149. ^ "Outcome of Prime Minister Kishida's Attendance at the NATO Summit Meeting". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  150. ^ a b Lies, Elaine; Komiya, Kantaro; Needham, Kirsty (2023-06-13). Donovan, Kirsten; Fernandez, Clarence (eds.). "NATO to set up liaison office in Tokyo, beef up regional ties, Nikkei reports". Reuters. Tokyo, Sydney. Archived from the original on 2023-06-15. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  151. ^ a b Hawkins, Amy (2023-07-12). "Nato appears to shelve plans to open Japan liaison office in Tokyo". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2023-08-17. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  152. ^ "Courtesy call on Foreign Minister Kamikawa by General Cavoli, NATO Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). Archived from the original on 2024-03-03. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  153. ^ "NATO and the Republic of Korea sign new partnership programme". North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 2019-11-21. Archived from the original on 2021-10-30. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  154. ^ "Relations with the Republic of Korea". North Atlantic Treato Organization (NATO). 2021-09-02. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  155. ^ Elizabeth Shim (2021-07-03). "NATO, South Korea agree to step up global cooperation". United Press International (UPI). Archived from the original on 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  156. ^ Nemeth, Bence; Kim, Saeme (2024). "South Korea and NATO: from unlikely companions to key partners". International Affairs. 100 (2): 609–629. doi:10.1093/ia/iiae007.
  157. ^ Nemeth and Kim 2024, p. 609-614.
  158. ^ Nemeth, Bence (2024). "South Korean Military Power - Lessons Europe can Learn from Seoul on Spending Defence Budgets Efficiently". RUSI Journal. 169 (1–2): 92–101. doi:10.1080/03071847.2024.2355136.
  159. ^ "NATO and Mongolia agree programme of cooperation" (Press release). NATO. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  160. ^ "Finally a New Era in NATO-Mongolia Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-15.
  161. ^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (May 19, 2012). "Mongolia Wrestles with Dinosaurs, NATO and Politics". IHT Rendezvous (blog). The New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  162. ^ "Relations with Mongolia". North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 2021-08-25. Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  163. ^ "NATO's relations with Pakistan". NATO Topics. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_NATO&oldid=1262670673"