Florida Ruffin Ridley (born Florida Yates Ruffin; January 29, 1861 – February 25, 1943)[1] was an African-American civil rights activist, suffragist, teacher, writer, and editor from Boston, Massachusetts. She was one of the first black public schoolteachers in Boston, and edited The Woman's Era, the country's first newspaper published by and for African-American women.
Florida Ruffin Ridley | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Florida Yates Ruffin January 29, 1861 Boston, Massachusetts, United States |
| Died | February 25, 1943 (aged 82) Toledo, Ohio, United States |
| Occupation(s) | Teacher, writer |
| Known for | Civil rights activism |
| Spouse |
Ulysses A. Ridley
(m. 1888; died 1933) |
| Children | 2 |
| Parent(s) | Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin George Lewis Ruffin |
Early life and education
editFlorida Yates Ruffin was born on January 29, 1861, to a distinguished Boston family. Her father, George Lewis Ruffin, was the first African-American graduate of Harvard Law School and the first black judge in the United States. Her mother, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, was a noted African-American writer, civil rights leader, and suffragist. The family lived on Charles Street in the West End.[2][3]
Ridley attended Boston public schools and graduated from Boston Teachers' College in 1882. She was the second African American to teach in the Boston public schools (the first was Elizabeth Smith, who taught at the Phillips School in the 1870s).[4] She taught at the Grant School from 1880 until her marriage in 1888 to Ulysses Archibald Ridley, owner of a tailoring business in downtown Boston.[5] The couple moved to Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1896, where they may have been the town's first African-American homeowners.[6] Ridley was one of the founders of the Second Unitarian Church in Brookline.[7] She and her husband had a daughter, Constance, and a son, Ulysses A. Ridley, Jr.[7]
Activism
editFollowing in her mother's footsteps, Ridley became politically active as a young woman. She was involved in the early women's suffrage movement and was an anti-lynching activist.[8]
With her mother and Maria Louise Baldwin, Ridley co-founded several non-profit organizations. They founded the Woman's Era Club (later renamed the New Era Club), an advocacy group for black women, in 1894. In 1895 they founded a group that later became the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs. Speakers at their first meeting included the abolitionist and religious leader Eliza Ann Gardner, noted African-American scholar Anna J. Cooper, and Ella Smith, the first black woman to receive an M.A. from Wellesley College.[9] In 1918, Ridley, Ruffin, and Baldwin founded the League of Women for Community Service. The League, which still exists today, provided social, educational, and charitable services for the black community.[7] In 1923, Ridley conceived and directed an exhibit of "Negro Achievement and Abolition Memorials" at the Boston Public Library on behalf of the League.[10]
Ridley, who had a special interest in black history, also co-founded the Society for the Collection of Negro Folklore in 1890,[11] and founded the Society of the Descendants of Early New England Negroes in the 1920s.[12]
Writing career
editAs a journalist and essayist, Ridley wrote mainly about black history and race relations in New England. She contributed to the Journal of Negro History, The Boston Globe, and other periodicals,[7] and also published a number of short stories. She was a member of the Saturday Evening Quill Club, a literary group organized by Boston Post editor and columnist Eugene Gordon in 1925. Fellow members included Pauline Hopkins and Dorothy West. The Saturday Evening Quill, the group's annual journal, published the work of African-American women writers and artists, including Ridley, Helene Johnson, and Lois Mailou Jones.[3]
Ridley also edited The Woman's Era, the country's first newspaper published by and for African-American women.[7][13]
She died at her daughter's home in Toledo, Ohio, on February 25, 1943.[7] Her home on Charles Street is a stop on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.[12]
Legacy
editRidley is included in the 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby.[14]
In September 2020, the Florida Ruffin Ridley School in Coolidge Corner, Brookline, Massachusetts, formerly known as the Edward Devotion School, was renamed in her honor.[15]
References
edit- ^ Emerson, Dorothy May; Edwards, June; Knox, Helene (2000). Standing Before Us: Unitarian Universalist Women and Social Reform, 1776-1936. Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations. ISBN 9781558963801.
- ^ "Florida Yates Ruffin Ridley (1861-1943) - Find A..." www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
- ^ a b Mitchell, Verner; Davis, Cynthia (2011). Literary Sisters: Dorothy West and Her Circle, A Biography of the Harlem Renaissance. Rutgers University Press. pp. 85, 89–90. ISBN 9780813552132.
- ^ "The Phillips School". National Park Service.
- ^ "Ulysses Archibald Ridley Jr. (1858-1933) - Find A..." www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
- ^ Liss, Ken (May 29, 2012). "African-Americans in Brookline: Seeking the First Homeowner". Muddy River Musings.
- ^ a b c d e f Carmichael, T.D. (February 26, 1943). "Mrs. F. R. Ridley, Negro Educator, Dies in Toledo". The Boston Globe. ProQuest 820678901. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
- ^ Zackodnik, Teresa C. (2010). "We Must Be Up and Doing": A Reader in Early African American Feminisms. Broadview Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN 9781460402146.
- ^ "THREE SESSIONS: Convention of Colored Women Opened; First One Ever Held in America Largely Attended". The Boston Globe. July 30, 1895. ProQuest 498161604. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
- ^ Roses, Lorraine; Ruth Elizabeth Randolph (1996). Harlem's Glory: Black Women Writing, 1900–1950. Harvard University Press. p. 525. ISBN 978-0674372696.
- ^ Locke, Ralph P.; Cyrilla Barr, eds. (1997). Cultivating Music in America: Women Patrons and Activists since 1860. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
- ^ a b "Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, Florida Ruffin Ridley, and The Woman's Era Club". Boston Women's Heritage Trail.
- ^ "Josephine Ruffin, Activist, Philanthropist and Newspaper Publisher". African American Registry.
- ^ "New daughters of Africa : an international anthology of writing by women of African descent / / edited by Margaret Busby". Smithsonian Libraries.
- ^ "Brookline Bans Fossil Fuels, Renames Coolidge Corner School". Brookline, MA Patch. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.