The Floating Freedom School was an educational facility for free and enslaved African Americans on a steamboat on the Mississippi River. It was established in 1847 by the Baptist minister John Berry Meachum. After Meachum's death in 1854, the Freedom School was taken over by Reverend John R. Anderson, a former student, and closed sometime after 1860.
| Floating Freedom School | |
|---|---|
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| Address | |
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| Coordinates | 38°37′17″N 90°10′43″W / 38.62139°N 90.17861°W[a] |
| Information | |
| Established | 1847 |
| Closed | After 1860 |
History
editIn 1847, John Berry Meachum was forced to close the school he had been operating in a St. Louis church basement. Earlier that year, the Missouri legislature had passed a law that made it illegal to provide "the instruction of negroes or mulattoes, in reading or writing".[1] Meachum and one of his teachers were arrested by the sheriff and threatened.[2]
To circumvent the new state law in Missouri, Reverend Meachum bought a steamboat which he anchored in the middle of the Mississippi River, thus placing it under the authority of the federal government.[2][3] The new floating "Freedom School" was outfitted with desks, chairs, and a library.[4] Students were ferried back and forth between St. Louis and the Freedom School in small skiffs.[2][5] The school eventually attracted teachers from the East.[2][6]
Hundreds of black children were educated at the Freedom School in the 1840s and 1850s.[7] Those who could pay were charged one dollar a month.[5] One of the early students was James Milton Turner, who would go on to establish 30 new schools for African Americans in Missouri after the Civil War.[4][8][9] Another was John R. Anderson, who received much of his reading and religious training from the school.[10] Reverend Anderson later took over management of the school after Meachum's death in 1854.[11] School attendance dropped off just before the Civil War, with only 155 black children enrolled in 1860.[3]
Notes
edit- ^ The exact location of where the school was anchored in the Mississippi River is unknown. Possibilities include near where Meachum built steamboats (also unknown), up north near Alton, Illinois, or somewhere else near St. Louis.
References
edit- ^ Hawkins, Ben (February 8, 2022). "'Floating Freedom School': Historic black pastor leaves legacy of liberty, education in Missouri". The Pathway. Missouri Baptist Conference. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
- ^ a b c d Durst, Dennis L. (Spring 2004). "The Reverend John Berry Meachum (1789-1854) of St. Louis: Prophet and Entrepreneurial Black Educator in Historiographical Perspective". The North Star: A Journal of African American Religious History. 7 (2): 1, 6. ISSN 1094-902X.
- ^ a b Thomas, Sue (2013-04-19). A Second Home: Missouri's Early Schools. University of Missouri Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8262-6566-1.
- ^ a b "John B. Meachum, Minister born". African American Registry. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
- ^ a b McCarther, Shirley Marie (2021-08-01). American Educational History Journal: Volume 48. IAP. ISBN 978-1-64802-613-3.
- ^ Wright, John A. (1994). Discovering African American St. Louis: A Guide to Historic Sites. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press. p. 2. ISBN 1-883982-00-6.
- ^ Thomas, Sue (2006). A Second Home: Missouri's Early Schools. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780826216694.
- ^ "James Milton Turner". Historic Missourians. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
- ^ "African American History at Father Dickson Cemetery". National Park Service. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
- ^ Shipley, Alberta D.; Shipley, David O. (1976). The History of Black Baptists in Missouri. Missionary Baptist State Convention of Missouri. pp. 24–25, 227.
- ^ Tabscott, Robert W. (2009-09-20). "Commentary: A look back: Early African-American education in St. Louis was hard won". St. Louis Public Radio. Retrieved 2022-02-12.
Further reading
edit- Durst, Dennis L. (Spring 2004). "Durst, Reverend John Berry Meachum". The North Star. 7 (2).
- Gaines, Allison (2021-12-24). "We Should Never Forget Why We Needed A Floating Freedom School". Momentum. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
- Hopkinson, Deborah (2016). The Steamboat School. Illustrated by Ron Husband. Disney * Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4231-2196-1.