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First Battle of Tikrit

This article is about the June 2014 Battle of Tikrit. For the 2015 Battle of Tikrit, see Second Battle of Tikrit.

The First Battle of Tikrit was fought for the Iraqi city of Tikrit following the city's capture by the Islamic State and Ba'athist Loyalists during the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive. The battle took place between 26 and 30 June 2014.

First Battle of Tikrit
Part of the War in Iraq
and the Salahuddin campaign

A view of Tikrit, looking north along the Tigris towards Saddam's presidential palace
Date26 June – 21 July 2014
(3 weeks and 4 days)
Location
Tikrit, Iraq
Result Major ISIL victory
Territorial
changes		 ISIL and its allies consolidate control over Tikrit and its environs
Belligerents

Iraq

United States United States[3]

Islamic State[4]

Islamic Army in Iraq[6]

Iraqi Ba'ath Party Loyalists[8][9][10]

Casualties and losses
35 killed[13][14]
3 helicopters lost and 3 damaged		 215+ killed (government claim)[15][16][17][13][14]
4 civilians killed
1 Lebanese pilot captured
The University of Tikrit, where the battle began

In early June 2014, ISIL took control of a number of cities in northern Iraq, including Tikrit. Tikrit has symbolic significance as the hometown of Saddam Hussein, and is also the administrative center of the Saladin Governorate. The Iraqi government responded on 26 June by launching an air assault operation to recapture the city. This initial attack was reinforced by a ground assault on 28 June. Fighting continued on 29 and 30 June, but the battle was an insurgent victory, with government forces retreating on 30 June. The defeat coincided with ISIL's declaration of a worldwide caliphate on 29 June.

The Iraqi government made another attempt to retake the city on 15 July, but was again defeated. ISIL responded by attacking nearby Camp Speicher on 17 July. Tikrit remained under ISIL control until the Second Battle of Tikrit in March and April 2015.

Background

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See also: Anbar campaign (2013–14)

In December 2013, clashes involving tribal militias, Iraqi security forces, and the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) broke out throughout western Iraq. Then, in January 2014, ISIL militants successfully took control of Fallujah and Ramadi, bringing much of Al Anbar Governorate under their control.[18]

In early June, insurgents began advancing into the central and northern parts of Iraq. On 10 June, Mosul fell to ISIL,[19] a devastating defeat given that there were 30,000[20] Iraqi troops in the city facing approximately 1,500 ISIL fighters.[21] Most of the Iraqi Army soldiers refused to fight and fled.[22]

On 11 June, ISIL captured Tikrit.[23] The following day, they killed over a thousand Iraqi Air Force cadets at Camp Speicher, 8 miles northwest of Tikrit.[24]

The battle

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First government assault

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On 26 June, Iraqi government forces launched an airborne assault on Tikrit with three[25] or four[26] commando helicopters flown into a stadium at the University of Tikrit. One of the helicopters was shot down and crash-landed at the stadium,[25] while another had to conduct an emergency landing after suffering a mechanical failure. The crew of the second helicopter, which included a Lebanese pilot, was then captured by insurgents.[26] Fierce fighting then ensued around the university compound, while army snipers positioned themselves on tall buildings in the university complex.[25] In the early hours of the assault, a helicopter gunship struck the city's hospital compound.[27] By the next day, sporadic clashes continued at the university[28] as Iranian-trained Shiite militiamen were dispatched and managed to seize control of tall buildings in the university area.[29]

On 28 June, helicopter gunships conducted dawn air strikes against insurgents who were attacking troops at the university campus.[30] By this point, the city had been coming under continuous air strikes for three days, which included barrel bombs.[26] An all-out ground offensive was launched during the day in an attempt to capture the city. A column of troops started out from Samarra towards Tikrit to the north and by sundown had reached the edge of the city. According to Lieutenant General Ahmed Abu Ragheef, another column was directed towards the Camp Speicher air base. There were initial claims by government sources of capturing Tikrit,[31] but in fact Tikrit itself remained under insurgent control as heavy fighting continued to rage on the city outskirts during the night.[32][33] In the evening, helicopters struck a gathering of people preparing for a wedding ceremony in the village of Al Bu Hayazi, east of Tikrit, killing four civilians.[34]

 
Map of Tikrit. Al Sahra Airport is another name for Camp Speicher.

The next day, troops pulled back away from Tikrit to the nearby town of Dijla, south of the city, in an attempt to regroup after meeting stiff resistance.[35] Fighting also continued near the university and around the air base,[36] which had reportedly come under army control.[37] During the day's battles, another Iraqi army helicopter was shot down over the city and crashed near a market,[38] while the army sent tanks to join the fighting at the university. An Iraqi army spokesman claimed 70 militants had been killed in Tikrit in the previous 24 hours and that the government forces were in control of the university. Neither of the claims were independently confirmed.[15] Later, fierce clashes were reported in an area about 20 kilometers from the city center, toward Samarra. Militants reportedly made an advance but were stopped about 10 kilometers south of Tikrit.[39] That same day, ISIL declared itself a worldwide caliphate.[40]

On 30 June, government forces attempted to move out of the air base and link up with troops at the university but failed after encountering heavy insurgent resistance in the al-Deum area.[41] A military spokesman said that government forces were massing in Samarra and would soon make another push to capture Tikrit.[42] Meanwhile, south of Tikrit, the army managed to recapture the town of Mukayshifah in fighting that an army spokesman claimed killed 40 ISIL fighters.[16]

Second government assault

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On 3 July, an Iraqi Army spokesman claimed the military had regained control of the town of Al-Awja, Saddam Hussein's birthplace, near Tikrit. However, later in the day, two battlefield commanders contradicted him and stated fighting was still continuing on the town's perimeter and in Al-Awja itself.[43]

During this time, troops retreated from the university complex.[44]

On 15 July, the military launched a new assault on Tikrit from Al-Awja.[45] Soldiers and militiamen quickly entered the city, as militants were reportedly retreating, and seized the city's hospital. Following this, the Iraqi government was preparing to declare victory in the battle for the city. However, ISIL militants sprung an ambush, with suicide bombers reportedly leaping from windows into groups of soldiers.[46] Government troops retreated from the city before sunset four kilometers to the south under constant mortar and sniper fire.[47] Several security force vehicles were seen abandoned, with at least one of them burnt out.[45] 52 soldiers and 40 militants were killed in the fighting.[13]

ISIL attack on Camp Speicher

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On 17 July, insurgents launched an assault on Camp Speicher, where an estimated 700 government soldiers and 150 Iranian or Iraqi Shiite militiamen were besieged following the failed attempt to send reinforcements to the air base.[48] The assault included snipers and suicide bombers and the militants quickly managed to reach the runway, at which point Iraqi special forces joined the battle.[14] The base was bombarded and mortared all night. By the next morning, according to various sources, the final pocket of government troops had collapsed, with all of the government forces either killed, executed or captured.[48] At least 25–35 insurgents were also killed.[14][49] Iraqi forces attempted to save the base's aircraft by flying them out,[14] but according to ISIL 8–9 helicopters were destroyed on the ground or shot down, with several armored vehicles destroyed as well.[44] The Iraqi Army denied the alleged capture of the base with soldiers from the front line reporting that Speicher was still under their control,[49] with only three soldiers being killed,[14] one helicopter destroyed and two damaged.[50] A Tikrit resident also reported continued fighting around the base.[51] Two days later, the military reported that Iraqi special forces had re-secured the base.[50]

Though the United States participated in the battle on the Iraqi side, The Washington Post wrote that some Iranian groups accused the coalition of bombarding a pro-government headquarters in the city. In response, the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad issued a statement denying the allegations.[52]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Raheem Salman; Ahmed Rasheed (14 June 2014). "Iraq says slows Islamist rebel advance, regains some territory". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
  2. ^ "Tony Blair: 'We didn't cause Iraq crisis". BBC. 15 June 2014.
  3. ^ "In fight for Tikrit, U.S. finds enemies on both sides of the battle lines". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  4. ^ "Iraq crisis: Isis declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East". The Independent. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  5. ^ a b Hassan, Hassan (17 June 2014). "More Than ISIS, Iraq's Sunni Insurgency". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  6. ^ Sherlock, Ruth (20 June 2014). "Islamic Army of Iraq founder: Isis and Sunni Islamists will march on Baghdad". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  7. ^ "IŞİD Nedir, IŞİD'in Hedefi Nedir, IŞID'i Kimler Destekliyor | AV". 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  8. ^ "Iraq Crisis: Saddam Hussein's Generals Fighting with Jihadist ISIS Insurgency". International Business Times. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  9. ^ Sam Frizell (21 June 2014). "Iraqi Official: Sunni Insurgents, Baathists Fighting One Another". Time. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  10. ^ Jacob Siegel (18 June 2014). "Someone Is Spilling ISIS's Secrets on Twitter". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  11. ^ Arango, Tim (19 June 2014). "Former Loyalists of Saddam Hussein Crucial in Helping ISIS". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  12. ^ "Military council of the rebels starts setting governors on their captured cities". Elaph. Osama Mahdi. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  13. ^ a b c "The insurgents reclaim Tikrit after powerful battles, and the government troops retreat". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "IS-led Militants Storm Iraqi Air Base near Tikrit". Naharnet. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  15. ^ a b "Isis declares 'Caliphate' expanding plans for holy war". The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  16. ^ a b "Iraqi army drives ISIL from town south of Tikrit". Al-Shorfa. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  17. ^ "Iraq Army Recaptures Saddam's Birthplace From ISIS Militants". The Huffington Post. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  18. ^ "Iraq's Fallujah falls to 'Qaeda-linked' militants". Daily Star. 4 January 2014. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  19. ^ Chulov, Martin (10 June 2014). "Isis insurgents seize control of Iraqi city of Mosul". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  20. ^ "Iraq army capitulates to Isis militants in four cities". The Guardian. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  21. ^ "Terror's new headquarters". The Economist. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  22. ^ "Special report – How Mosul fell: An Iraqi general disputes Baghdad's story". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  23. ^ "Iraqi city of Tikrit falls to ISIL fighters". Al Jazeera. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  24. ^ "Speicher massacre, cousins of Saddam started it and ISIS finished it". Al Wasat (in Arabic). Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  25. ^ a b c "Iraq helicopter crashes in airborne commando assault on Tikrit". Reuters. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  26. ^ a b c "Iraq reports major effort to recapture Tikrit". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  27. ^ "Hospital bombed as battle rages in Tikrit". Khaleejtimes.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  28. ^ "Baghdad fights for militant-held Tikrit". Arabnews.com. 28 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  29. ^ "Battle for Tikrit continues as Iraqi government pushes back against ISIS". McClatchy. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  30. ^ "Iraq crisis: Helicopter gunships launch dawn air strikes on Isis-held Tikrit university campus". The Independent. 28 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  31. ^ "Iraqi forces reportedly pull back from Tikrit amid fierce fighting with ISIS militants". Fox News. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  32. ^ "Iraqi Military Launches Offensive Against ISIS". NBC News. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  33. ^ "Iraq forces battle to claw back Tikrit from Sunni insurgents". Hindustan Times. 29 June 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  34. ^ "Iraqi army launches Tikrit assault to fight ISIS rebels". CBC. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  35. ^ "Iraq crisis: Fresh clashes over Tikrit". BBC News. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  36. ^ "Iraqi security forces battle for Tikrit as ISIL declares new 'caliphate'". America.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  37. ^ Nordland, Rod (29 June 2014). "Russian Jets and Experts Sent to Iraq to Aid Army". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  38. ^ "Iraqi Army Retreats From Saddam's Hometown As Assault on ISIS Falters". Business Insider. 29 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  39. ^ "ISIS declares 'caliphate' stretching across Iraq and Syria". CNN. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  40. ^ Lawrence, Jessica (2 July 2014). "Iraq crisis: Could an ISIS caliphate ever govern the entire Muslim world?". ABC News. ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  41. ^ "Iraq army in tug-of-war fights with Sunni militants". GlobalPost. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  42. ^ "ISIS Declares Caliphate As Iraq Fights To Retake Tikrit". NPR.org. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  43. ^ "Army Struggles to Retake Strategic City of Tikrit". WSJ. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  44. ^ a b "Islamic State overruns Camp Speicher, routs Iraqi forces". Longwarjournal.org. 19 July 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  45. ^ a b "Iraqi forces withdraw from Tikrit after being dealt a blow by Islamic State". Haaretz.com. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  46. ^ Rubin, Alissa J.; Al-Salhy, Suadad (17 July 2014). "For Iraq, Debacle in Tikrit as Forces Walk into Trap Set by Militants". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  47. ^ "Iraq forces withdraw from rebel-held Tikrit". Omantribune.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  48. ^ a b "Islamic State overwhelms Iraqi forces at Tikrit in major defeat". miamiherald. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  49. ^ a b "The Iraqi Army's Alamo: Standoff in Tikrit". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  50. ^ a b "Iraqi military says it retakes control of key base in Tikrit". Longwarjournal.org. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  51. ^ "Multiple bombings in Baghdad kill at least 27". America.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  52. ^ "In fight for Tikrit, U.S. finds enemies on both sides of the battle lines". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
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34°36′09″N 43°41′00″E / 34.6025°N 43.6833°E / 34.6025; 43.6833

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