Ficaria is a small genus of several species of plants in the family Ranunculaceae, which were previously grouped with Ranunculus.[1] The genus includes Ficaria verna, known as fig buttercup or lesser celandine, and related species. The name "Ficaria" is Classical Latin for fig.[2] Plants in the genus are closely related to true buttercups, but generally have only three sepals and swollen smooth achenes.
| Ficaria | |
|---|---|
_Ficaria_verna_-_flower.jpg)
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| Lesser celandine, Ficaria verna | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Subfamily: | Ranunculoideae |
| Tribe: | Ranunculeae |
| Genus: | Ficaria Guett. |
| Species | |
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Splitting of genus Ranunculus
editMolecular investigation of the genus Ranunculus revealed that it was not monophyletic with respect to a number of other recognized genera in the family – e.g. Ceratocephala, Halerpestes, Hamadryas, Laccopetalum, Myosurus, Oxygraphis, Paroxygraphis and Trautvetteria. The work revealed the need to separate Ficaria from Ranunculus, and both were added to the tribe Ranunculeae.[3]
Toxicity
editAll Ficaria and Ranunculus species are poisonous when eaten fresh by cattle, horses, and other livestock, but their acrid taste and the blistering of the mouth caused by their poison means they are usually left uneaten. Poisoning can occur where buttercups are abundant in overgrazed fields where little other edible plant growth is left, and the animals eat them out of desperation. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, excessive salivation, colic, and severe blistering of the mouth, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract. When Ranunculus plants are handled, naturally occurring ranunculin is broken down to form protoanemonin, which is known to cause contact dermatitis in humans; care should therefore be exercised in extensive handling of the plants.[4] The toxins are degraded by drying, so hay containing dried buttercups is safe.
Species list
edit- Ficaria fascicularis
- Ficaria ficarioides
- Ficaria popovii
- Ficaria verna - Lesser celandine
References
edit- ^ Hörandl, E.; Paun, O.; Johansson, J.T.; Lehnebach, C.; Armstrong, T.; Chen, L.; Lockhart, P. (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary traits in Ranunculus s.l. (Ranunculaceae) inferred from ITS sequence analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (2): 305–327. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.009. PMID 15955512.
- ^ "ficarius - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
- ^ Emadzade, K.; Lehnebach, C.; Lockhart, P.; Hörandl, E. (2010). "A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae)". Taxon. 59 (3): 809–828. doi:10.1002/tax.593011.
- ^ "Ranunculus". Botanical Dermatology Database. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
External links
edit
- "Ficaria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- Jepson Manual Treatment
- USDA Plants Profile: North American Species
- All about the Ranunculus Archived 2016-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
- The Ranunculus home page
- The Flower (Ranunculus) Fields of Carlsbad, CA