Ferritic stainless steels[2][3] are a family of stainless steels[4] with a body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure and composed primarily of iron and chromium. They are characterized by being magnetic, non-hardenable by heat treating, and having excellent resistance to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Ferritic stainless steel alloys are designated as part of the 400-series of stainless steels in the SAE steel grades numbering system. By comparison with austenitic stainless steels, these are less hardenable by cold working and less weldable, but more cost-effective due to the lower nickel content.
History
editCanadian-born engineer Frederick Mark Becket (1875-1942) at Union Carbide industrialised ferritic stainless steel around 1912, on the basis of "using silicon instead of carbon as a reducing agent in metal production, thus making low-carbon ferroalloys and certain steels practical".[5] He discovered a ferrous alloy with 25-27% Chromium that "was the first of the high-chromium alloys that became known as heat-resisting stainless steel."[6]
Ferritic stainless steels were discovered early but it was only in the 1980s that the conditions were met for their growth:
- It was possible to obtain very low carbon levels at the steelmaking stage.
- Weldable grades were developed.
- Thermomechanical processing solved the problems of "roping" and "ridging" that led to inhomogenous deformation during deep drawing and to textured surfaces.
- End-user markets (such as that of domestic appliances) demanded less expensive grades with a more stable price at a time when there were large variations of the price of nickel.[7] Ferritic stainless steel grades became attractive for some applications such as houseware.[8]
Metallurgy
edit
To qualify as stainless steel, Fe-base alloys must contain at least 10.5% Cr.
The iron-chromium phase diagram shows that up to about 13% Cr, the steel undergoes successive transformations upon cooling from the liquid phase from ferritic α phase to austenitic γ phase and back to α. When some carbon is present, and if cooling occurs quickly, some of the austenite will transform into martensite. Tempering or annealing will transform the martensitic structure into ferrite and carbides.
Above about 17% Cr the steel will have a ferritic structure at all temperatures.
Above 25% Cr the sigma phase may appear for relatively long times at temperature and induce room temperature embrittlement.
Common grades
edit- Type 409 contains lower chromium content and is primarily used for automotive exhaust systems
- Type 430 is the most common ferritic grade primarily used in kitchen appliances and general purpose applications
- Type 439 contains lower carbon and added titanium to resist carbide precipitation
- Type 444 contains molybdenum for improved corrosion resistance.
Corrosion resistance
editThe pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steels is estimated by the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN).
- PREN = %Cr + 3.3%Mo + 16%N
Where the Cr, Mo, and N, terms correspond to the contents by weight % of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen respectively in the steel.
Nickel has no role in the pitting corrosion resistance, so ferritic stainless steels can be as resistant to this form of corrosion as austenitic grades.
In addition, ferritic grades are very resistant to stress corrosion cracking (SCC).
Mechanical properties
editFerritic stainless steels exhibit a ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) which reduces its toughness at lower temperatures.[9] They are also susceptible to 475 °C embrittlement which results in embrittlement and a loss of plasticity when heated in the range the range of 250 to 550 °C (480 to 1,020 °F). Ferritic stainless steels have low creep strength at temperatures above 500 °C.[10]
Physical properties
editFerritic stainless steels are magnetic. Compared to austenitic stainless steels, they offer a better thermal conductivity, a plus for applications such as heat exchangers. The thermal expansion coefficient, close to that of carbon steel, facilitates the welding to carbon steels.
Applications
edit- Lower-cost of recent-production kitchenware
- White goods
- Solar heaters
- Slate hooks
- Coins
References
edit- ^ "屋根:大阪ドーム" (in Japanese). Japan Stainless Steel Association. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ Lacombe, P.; Baroux, B.; Beranger, G., eds. (1990). Les Aciers Inoxydables. Les éditions de Physique. pp. Chapters 14 and 15. ISBN 2-86883-142-7.
- ^ The ferritic solution. ISSF, International Stainless Steel Forum. 2007. ISBN 978-2-930069-51-7. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
- ^ The International Nickel Company (1974). "Standard Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steels". Nickel Institute. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ "Frederick Mark Becket American metallurgist". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 7 January 2021.
- ^ Cobb, Harold M. (2012). Dictionary of Metals. ASM International. p. 307. ISBN 9781615039920.
- ^ Charles, J.; Mithieux, J.D.; Santacreu, P.; Peguet, L. (2009). "The ferritic family: The appropriate answer to nickel volatility?". Revue de Métallurgie. 106: 124–139. doi:10.1051/metal/2009024.
- ^ Ronchi, Gaetano (2012). "Stainless Steel for House-ware". Metal Bulletin.
- ^ "304 vs 430 stainless steel". Reliance Foundry Co. Ltd. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Outokumpu. "Stainless steel mechanical properties". Retrieved 24 January 2025.