Wikipedia

Fake news in the Philippines

Fake news in the Philippines refers to the general and widespread misinformation or disinformation in the country by various actors. It has been problematic in the Philippines where social media and alike plays a key role in influencing topics and information ranging from politics, health, belief, religion, current events, aid, lifestyle, elections and others. Recently, it has evolved to be a rampant issue against the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and the 2022 Philippine general election.

Following the 2016 Philippine election, Senator Francis Pangilinan filed a proposal to hold an inquiry regarding the conduct of social media platforms that allowed for the spreading of fake news.[1] Pangilinan called for penalties for social media companies that allow disinformation to spread on their platforms.[2]

History

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According to media analysts, developing countries such as the Philippines, with generally new access to social media and democracy, feel the problem of fake news to a larger extent.[3] Fake news websites in the country have been identified as early as 2014.[4] Facebook is one of the largest platforms being an open website, that works as a booster to sway the opinion of the public due to manufactured stories. While Facebook provides free media sources, it does not provide its users with the access to fact checking websites.[5] Because of this, government authorities call for a tool that will filter out "fake news" to secure the integrity of cyberspace in the Philippines.[1] The creation of fake news, and fake news accounts on social media has been a danger to the political health of the country. According to Kate Lamble and Megha Mohan of BBC news, "What we're seeing on social media again is manufactured reality ... They also create a very real chilling effect against normal people, against journalists (who) are the first targets, and they attack in very personal ways with death threats and rape threats." Journalists are often risking their lives in publishing articles that contest fake news in the Philippines.[6]

The 2016 Filipino election was influenced, in large part, by false information propagated by fake news outlets. By New York Times contributor Miguel Syjuco's account, President Rodrigo Duterte benefited from a disproportionate amount of complimentary fake news compared to his opponents. The pro-Duterte propaganda spread across Filipino social media include fake endorsements from prominent public figures like Pope Francis and Angela Merkel.[7] Rappler, a social news network in the Philippines, investigated online networks of Rodrigo Duterte supporters and discovered that they include fake news, fake accounts, bots, and trolls, which Rappler thinks are being used to silence dissent.[6] Duterte's own campaign was responsible for a portion of the misinformation spread during the election; according to a study from Oxford Internet Institute's Computational Propaganda Research Project, Duterte's campaign paid an estimated $200,000 for dedicated trolls to undermine dissenters and disseminate misinformation in 2016.[8]

In one incident, Justice Secretary Vitaliano Aguirre II tagged opposition senators and other people as masterminds of the 2017 Marawi Crisis attack, based on a photo shared on social media and blog sites that produce fake news.[9] Another government official, Communications Assistant Secretary Margaux "Mocha" Uson has also been accused of spreading fake news.[10][11]

Several studies reveal that Bongbong Marcos, son of dictator Ferdinand Marcos, was the main beneficiary of disinformation and fake news, which helped catapult him to the presidency during the 2022 elections.[12][13] Using social media, Marcos portrayed his father's tenure as a "golden age" for the country and downplayed the atrocities of his father's regime.[14]

The prevalence of fake news in the Philippines has pushed lawmakers to file laws to combat it, like criminalizing its dissemination.[15][16] The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines strongly opposes the spread of fake news as a sin, and published a list of fake news websites.[17][18]

Structure and hierarchy

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In 2018, Dr. Jason Cabañes of the University of Leeds School of Media and Communication and Dr. Jonathan Corpus Ong of the University of Massachusetts Amherst released a study of organized disinformation efforts in the Philippines, titled "Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines."[19][20][21] Based on participant observation in Facebook community groups and Twitter accounts, as well as key informant interviews with twenty "disinformation architects," conducted from December 2016 to December 2017, the study described a "professionalized and hierarchized group of political operators who design disinformation campaigns, mobilize click armies, and execute innovative “digital black ops” and “signal scrambling” techniques for any interested political client."[22] This network had “ad and PR strategists at the top.”[19]

As a tool of historical denialism

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See also: Burial of Ferdinand Marcos

Ong and Cabañes' 2018 study revealed that techniques of "personal branding" and such tools as YouTube videos were used to "tell a revisionist account of the 20-year Marcos regime as 'the golden age of the Philippines' in a bid to restore the political luster of the Marcos family."[22]

The study also revealed the existence of an "Ilibing Na" ("Bury now") campaign designed to create public support for a hero’s burial for Ferdinand Marcos using "diversionary tactics to elude allegations of human rights violations and corruption during the term of Ferdinand Marcos"[22] and launching "digital black ops that targeted prominent critics” of the Marcoses, particularly vice president Leni Robredo.[22]

List of fake news websites

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This list includes URLs for sites that are now down or defunct for historical purposes and to aid disinformation researchers. The following are included after investigation conducted by various Philippine news agencies as well as government policies against fake news.

Name URL Status Notes Sources
24Seven Daily News 24sevendailynews.com Cybersquatted. [23]
360 News Live www.360news.live Domain expired [24]
About Du30 aboutdu30.info Cybersquatted. [25]
Adobo Chronicles adobochronicles.com Satire [26]
Ako'y Pilipino akoy-pilipino.blogspot.com [23]
Aksyon.tv aksyon.tv Now down. Contains false information and clickbait headline. Imitates AksyonTV, now One Sports.
Al Jazeera News TV aljazeeranews-tv.com Masquerades as Al Jazeera. Legitimate url is https://www.aljazeera.com [27]
All Things Pinoy allthingspinoy.com Now down/defunct. "www.allthingspinoy.com does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information." [28][29][23]
Angat Pilipino angatpilipino.info 404 error [30]
Asian Policy Press asianpolicy.press Down again with 404 error. "...The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this website...". [28][23]
Asenso Pinoy asensopinoy.info 404 error [31][32]
Astig Tayo Pinoy astigtayopinoy.altervista.org Account suspended [33]
Bacolod.altervista.org bacolod.altervista.org Account suspended [34]
Balita Online balitaonline.xyz Now website empty [25]
Balitang Panglahat balitangpanglahat.info Domain parked/cybersquatted [35]
Balitang Pinoy balitangpinoy.ga 404 error [36]
Blog di du30 du30.altervista.org 404 error [34]
Blog di pinoypolitics pinoypolitics.altervista.org Account suspended. Biggest traffic generators on social media: Pinoy Republic, Pres. Rody Duterte News Global and Pilipinas Trending. [37]
Breaking News latestnewz.xyz 404 Error [25]
Breaking BBC breaking-bbc.co.uk Domain suspended. Masquerades as BBC. Proper URL is https://www.bbc.com. [30]
Breezy Network breezynetwork.info 404 error [38]
Caster Ph casterph.xyz 404 error [25]
Citizen Express citizenexpress.today [39]
Classified Trends classifiedtrends.net Domain expired. [28][40][23]
Cnn Channel cnn-channel.com Down. Masquerades as CNN. Legitimate URLs are cnn.com, edition.cnn.com (for CNN International), and cnnphilippines.com. [30]
Dailyartikulo dailyartikulo.info Traffic largely from The Filipino News, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos and The News Wire social media accounts. Same blog template and theme as DailyInsights. [41]
Daily Filipino dailyfilipino.altervista.org Down. [23]
Daily Filipinews dailyfilipinews.blogspot.com Domain expired. [23]
DailyInsights dailyinsights.today Now Down. Same blog template and theme as Dailyartikulo. [42]
The Daily Sentry thedailysentry.net Publishes false and misleading news constantly.

Has disclaimer: "The Daily Sentry does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information."

[43][44][45][46][47][48][41]
Daily Viral Hub dailyviralhub.altervista.org Biggest traffic generators: Facebook pages Marcos Loyalist, Exclusive DDS Marcos the 3rd Force, and BongBong Marcos United. [49]
Dakila.info dakila.info Down. [50]
DDS Files ddsfiles.xyz Down. [51][52]
Dedma Lang dedma.com Front page now empty. Domain still up. [34]
Definitely Filipino definitelyfilipino.com Down. No "About Us", no "Contact Us". [28][23]
news.definitelyfilipino.net
balita.definitelyfilipino.com
buzz.definitelyfilipino.com Down.
buzz.definitelyfilipino.net
The Delicious Yard thedeliciousyard.com Impostor site of ABS-CBN. [53][54]
Dugong Maharlika dugongmaharlika.com Front page blank, has JavaScript [29]
Du30 Gov du30gov.com Down. Biggest traffic generators on social media: President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Bongbong Marcos Loyalists Movement_Official Group and Marcos Loyalist. [55]
Du30 News du30newsinfo.com Domain expired. [34]
Du30 Today du30today.com Domain expired. [30]
Dutertards dutertards.info Front page blank. Redirects to 1.dutertards.info. [33]
Duterte Community du30community.info Down. Biggest social media traffic generators: President Duterte Worldwide Supporters, President Duterte Astig Supporters and Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos. [56][57]
Duterte Defender dutertedefender.com Down. [30]
Duterte Express du30express.site Down [58]
Duterte Federal dutertefederal.info Down. Biggest traffic generators on social media: Silent No More PH, Duterte Worldwide Supporters and President RodyDuterte – Federal Movement International. [59]
Duterte News dutertenews.com Domain expired. [40][25]
du30news.com Domain expired.
du30news.net Down.
www.dutertenewswatch.com Down.
du3onews.info Down.
Duterte News Blog du30newsblog.blogspot.com [40]
Duterte News Info du30newsinfo.com Cybersquatted. Contains fake articles and satirical news passed off as real news. Publishes fake articles about Rodrigo Duterte's critics. [40]
Duterte Trending News dutertetrendingnews.blogspot.com [23]
Dutertepilipinas.info dutertepilipinas.info Down. Biggest social media traffic generators: Inday Sara Duterte Supporters, President Rodrigo Duterte and Duterte Warriors. [60]
Duterte Trend dutertetrend.info Domain expired. [34]
Dutrending dutrending.info Down. Largest traffic generators: Facebook pages DU30 Trending News, Duterte Worldwide Supporters and Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International. redirects to 1.dutrending.info. [33][61]
DW-TV3 dw-tv3.com Now cybersquatted. Imitates Deutsche Welle. [62]
Dyaryo www.dyaryo.net Down. [40]
Media ni Duterte dutertedefender.com Cybersquatted. [40]
lugto.com Domain expired.
Earning Mania earningmania.com Domain is now suspended. Mimics the design of the official ABS-CBN News website (news.abs-cbn.com), complete with the logo of ABS-CBN. It also contains false information to get Bitcoin cash. No about or contact information.
Eritas Times eritastimes.com [26]
Federalism PH jazznews.top Down. Biggest traffic generator from social media: Facebook page Philippine Trending News. [63]
Extreme Readers extremereaders.com Domain Expired. [40]
FilipiNews PH filipinewsph.net Now down and replaced as japanese website. "FilipiNews PH does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information.". [28][40][64][23]
FilipiNews filipinews.info Down. [23][30]
filipinews.com Expired.
France 24 TV France24-tv.com Domain expired. Imitates France 24 (france24.com) [34]
Global News globalnews.favradio.fm Reverted to favradio.fm hosting [34]
GMA TV gma-tv.com Domain expired. Imitates GMA 7. Some false stories released by this fake news website included the alleged photos of a gunman captured by CCTV camera during the 2017 Resorts World Manila attack, supposed plan to establish a Nickelodeon theme park in Coron by the Department of Tourism, and the purported criticism of the National Super Alliance (NASA) by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission and Jubilee for threatening to boycott the August elections.[65] [66][67][68]
Go for Win goforwin.info [33]
Good News Network Philippines goodnewsnetworkph.com Domain expired. Exploits the name of GNN. Mocha Uson made a callout to follow its Facebook page as "a true alternative for the good news released by the Duterte Admin" in February 2018.[69] Biggest traffic generators: pro-Duterte Facebook page managed by Mocha Uson, Mocha Uson Blog, President Rody Duterte Facebook Army and Team Duterte for Federalism. [70][71][72][73][74][75]
Good News Today goodnewstoday.d30.club Down Biggest traffic generators from social media: Marcos Defenders Worldwide Unlimited and Rody R. Duterte Movement Universal. [76]
Gossip Diary gossipdiary.com Domain expired. Biggest traffic generators on social media: President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Marcos Loyalist and Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International. [77]
Healthnation Asia healthnation-asia.com Down. Imitates ABS-CBN News Channel [78]
Hot News Philippines hotnewsphil.blogspot.com [40]
I Am Pilipino www.iampilipino.com Error 403. [40]
International Latest Updates internationallatestupdates.blogspot.com Redirect from trendingnewsphfile.net. [40]
Kabalita Ka kabalitaka.blogspot.com Now Down. Biggest traffic generators on social media: Marcos Loyalist and President Rody Duterte Facebook Army. [79]
Kalye Pinoy kalyepinoy.com Now Down. [40][64]
Kanto News PH kantonewsph.xyz Empty. Biggest traffic generators on social media: Facebook pages President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, President Duterte Worldwide Supporters and President Duterte Astig Supporters. [80][25][33]
kantonewsph.info
Latest Duterte News latestdutertenews.altervista.org Account suspended [34]
Leak News PH www.leaknewsph.com Down. [40]
Local Hero localhero.altervista.org Account suspended [34]
Maharlika News

Netizens PH

www.maharlikanews.com [29]
Makibalita makibalita.info Down. [81]
Media Curious mediacurious.com Down. [30]
Media Ph mediaph.info Now Down. Biggest traffic generator: Facebook page Sara Duterte Solid Warriors. [82]
Minda Nation mindanation.com 404 Owned by Carlos Munda. [83]
Mosquito Press mosquitopress.net [26]
My News TV mynewstv.newsgenic.com Down Exploits the name of GMA News TV (now GTV). [23]
My Prosper my-prosper.press Down. [84]
Nagbabagang Balita nagbabagangbalita.info Redirects to malware website. [85]
Napankamkumametbeewan.info napankamkumametbeewan.info Down. [81][85]
Net Citizen netcitizen.co Redirects to malware website. [30]
News 8 Bureau globalnews.favradio.fm Down. [23]
News Center Ph newscenterph.info Redirects to malware website. Traffic largely generated by Facebook pages President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Marcos Loyalist, BongBong Marcos United, The Filipino News, Pinas Citizen and News Wire PH. [86][46][87]
newsevery7hours.blogspot.com newsevery7hours.blogspot.com [88]
News Feed Society www.newsfeedsociety.tk Down. [40]
News Global newsglobal.top Down. [42]
News Info Learn newsinfolearn.com Now down. "...www.newsinfolearn.com does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information...". [28][23]
News Media PH newsmediaph.com Down. No "About Us". [40]
Newspaper Ph newspaperph.com Domain parked/cybersquatted [34]
News Titans newstitans.com Domain expired. [40]
News TV newstv.tulfonews.com Down. Exploits the name of GMA News TV (now GTV). [23]
News TV5 newstv5.com Domain expired. Masquerades as the legitimate https://news.tv5.com.ph [34]
Newz Flash newzflash.info [33]
Newsbite.top newsbite.top Down. Biggest traffic generators on social media: President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Marcos Loyalist and We Support Duterte Administration. [89]
Online Balita onelinebalita.xyz Down. [25]
The Philippine Chronicle thephilippinechronicle.com [26]
Philippine News Blog ilikeyouquotes.blogspot.com Down. [40]
Philippine News Courier philnewscourier.blogspot.com Associated with Facebook page "Philippine News Courier." [23][34]
Philippine News Portal www.philnewsportal.com Down. [40]
The Philippine Trend thephilippinetrend.com [26]
Philnewstrend dakilanglahi.info Down. [30]
Philstar.i-telecast.com Philstar.i-telecast.com Now down. Imitates the website of The Philippine Star. [62]
Phnewspride Phnewspride.blogspot.com Redirects to Arabic Website with the same domain. [34]
Pilipinas News fullnewsph.xyz Now Down. Translated term was Balita sa Pilipinas. It is not to be confused with the namesake defunct news program of TV5 and Balita Pilipinas, a defunct news program of GMA News TV (now GTV). [90]
Pilipinas Online Updates www.pilipinasonlineupdates.com Now Down. Takes some of its articles from Balitang Pinas. "Pilipinas Online Updates makes no representations, warranties, or assurances as to the accuracy, currency or completeness of the content contain (sic) onthis website or any sites linked to this site" [64]
Pinoy Hopes pinoyhopes.info Down. [42]
Pinoy News pinoynews.info Down. [56][33][42]
Pinas News Portal pinasnewsportal.blogspot.com Down. [23]
Pinoy Freedom Wall pinoyfreedomwall.com Down. [40]
Pinoy News Blogger pinoynewsblogger.blogspot.com Down. [40]
Pinoy Speak pinoyspeak.info Now Error 502. Posts satirical articles and passes them off as real news. [40]
Pinoy Viral Issues pinoyviralissues.net Down. [23]
Pinoy World pinoyworld.net Down. [23]
PRRD News phppoliticsnews.blogspot.com Redirects to Indonesian Language Website with the same domain. [40]
Pinoy Observer pinoyobserver.com Redirects to Scam Chinese Website. Front page is blank, but full of JavaScript. [34]
Pinoy Thinking pinoythinking.info Down. [30]
Pinoy Trending pinoytrending.altervista.org No "About Us", contact info. [28][64]
Pinoy Trending News pinoytrendingnews.net "...Information on this site may contain errors and inaccuracies..." [28][64][23]
pinoytrendingnewsph.blogspot.com
pinoytrending.altervista.org
Pinoy Viral Issues pinoyviralissues.net Down. [40]
The Professional Heckler professionalheckler.wordpress.com [26]
PRRD News Tambayan dds-tambayan.info Down. Biggest traffic generator: Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International social media page. [91]
Public Trending publictrending.net Down. "...The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this site or found by following any link on this site." [28][23]
publictrending.news
pinoytrending.altervista.org
QWAZK qwazk.blogspot.com Redirects to Indonesian website with the same domain. [40]
So Whats News sowhatsnews.wordpress.com Satirical news site. Private Site. [92]
Socialcastph.info socialcastph.info Down. Biggest traffic generator pages from social media: President Rodrigo Duterte, Marcos Loyalist and Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International. [93]
Social News PH www.socialnewsph.com Now domain expired. Connected to the Facebook pages SNP – Social News Philippines and President Duterte Random Photos. "...does not give assurances as to the accuracy, completeness and currency of its content..." [40]
Taho News tahonews.com [40]
Tartey Viral tartey.com Now down. Contains articles obtained from News Trend PH, which also publishes fake news. No About US, no Contact Us. "makes no representations, warranties, or assurances as to the accuracy or completeness of the content". [40]
Telegraph TV telegraph-tv.com Domain expired. Imitates British newspaper The Telegraph (telegraph.co.uk). [34]
Tatak Du30 tatakdu30.info Down. [33]
testhuby.blogspot.com testhuby.blogspot.com [94][88]
The News Feeder thenewsfeeder.net Down. [23]
The Tlmes thetlmes.com Imitation of British newspaper The Times. [95][96][97]
The Volatilian thevolatilian.com Now Redirected to scam chinese website. [40]
Thinker Vlog thinkervlog.top Down [57]
Today in Manila todayinmanila.ga Now down. No "About Us", no "Contact Us". [28][23]
Today's Broadcast todaysbroadcast.net Down. [23]
Todays Top News todaystopnews.xyz Down. [25]
Trending Balita trendingbalita.info Now Down/Under Construction. [40]
Trending News Portal tnp.ph Malware. "Trending News Portal makes no representations, warranties, or assurances as to the accuracy, currency or completenesss of the content contain on this website or and sites linked to this site". Changed URLs multiple times. Frequently shared by Mocha Uson on her Facebook page Mocha Uson Blog.[98] Run by Twinmark Media Enterprises, whose entire network of pages was banned by Facebook in January 2019 for spammy practices and "coordinated inauthentic behavior". 220 Facebook pages, 73 Facebook accounts and 29 Instagram accounts were removed.[99][100] [28][40][98]
trendingnewsportal.com Malware.
trendingnewsportal.net Malware.
trendingnewsportal.net.ph 404.
trendingnewsportal.blogspot.com Down.
trendingnewsportal-ph.blogspot.com Down.
tnp.today Blank.
Tomorrow Economy www.tomorrow-economy.com Down. Blatantly imitates the Manila Times website. Same article as Earning Mania.
Trending Balita trendingbalita.info Now Down/Under Construction. [40]
Trending News Video trendingnewsvideo.com Down. [23]
Trending Topics trendingtopics.altervista.org Suspended. [23]
Trending Viral trendingviral.tk Now down. "The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this site.... will not be liable for any errors or omissions in this information nor the availability of this information...". [28][23]
TV CNN tv-cnn.com Domain expired. Masquerades as CNN. Legitimate URLs are cnn.com, edition.cnn.com (for CNN International), and cnnphilippines.com. [30]
Unang Hirit unanghirit.info Down. Imitates the GMA Network morning news program of the same name. [81]
Update.ph update.ph [23]
Updated Tayo updatetayo.info Down. [101]
Verified Philippines verifiedph.blogspot.com [23]
Viral Duterte News balitangtotoo.xyz Empty. Traffic generated by Facebook groups President Rodrigo Duterte Facebook Army, Inday Sara Duterte Supporters and President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International. [102]
Viral Portal viralportal.ml Down. [23]
World Trends worldstrends.info Down. [35]
XOLXOL xolxol.ph [64]

Reactions

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Fake news sites have become rampant for Philippine audiences, especially being shared on social media.[103] Politicians have started filing laws to combat fake news[104][15] and three Senate hearings have been held on the topic.[105][106][107]

The Catholic Church in the Philippines has also released a missive speaking out against it.[108]

Vera Files research at the end of 2017 and 2018 show that the most shared fake news in the Philippines appeared to benefit 2 people the most: President Rodrigo Duterte (as well as his allies) and politician and later president Bongbong Marcos, with the most viral news driven by shares on networks of Facebook pages.[27] Most Philippine audience Facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation also bear "Duterte", "Marcos" or "News" in their names and are pro-Duterte.[56] Online disinformation in the Philippines is overwhelmingly political as well, with most attacking groups or individuals critical of the Duterte administration.[109] Many Philippine-audience fake news websites also appear to be controlled by the same operators as they share common Google AdSense and Google Analytics IDs.[56]

According to media scholar Jonathan Corpus Ong, Duterte's presidential campaign is regarded as the patient zero in the current era of disinformation, having preceded widespread global coverage of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Russian trolls.[110] Fake news is so established and severe in the Philippines that Facebook's Global Politics and Government Outreach Director Katie Harbath also calls it "patient zero"[111] in the global misinformation epidemic, having happened before Brexit, the Trump nomination and the 2016 US Elections.[112]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Javier, Kristian. "Pangilinan Wants Facebook Penalized over Fake News". philstar.com. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  2. ^ Javier, Kristian. "LP: Social Media Being Used to Legitimize 'fake News'". philstar.com. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  3. ^ Mozur, Paul; Scott, Mark (November 17, 2016). "Fake News in U.S. Election? Elsewhere, That's Nothing New". The New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  4. ^ Cabristante, Raffy (October 3, 2014). "Think Before You Click: List of Pinoy fake news sites". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  5. ^ Mozur, Paul; Scott, Mark (November 17, 2016). "Fake News in U.S. Election? Elsewhere, That's Nothing New". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
  6. ^ a b BBC (December 7, 2016). "Trolls and triumph: a digital battle in the Philippines". BBC News. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  7. ^ Syjuco, Miguel (October 2017). "Fake News Floods the Philippines". The New York Times.
  8. ^ Bradshaw, Samantha; Howard, Philip N. (Winter 2017). "Troops, Trolls, and Trouble Makers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation" (PDF). Oxford Computational Propaganda Research Project: 21 – via Oxford University.
  9. ^ Ramos, Marlon (June 8, 2017). "Did Justice Secretary Aguirre fall for fake news?". newsinfo.inquirer.net. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
  10. ^ Ayalin, Adrian (September 22, 2017). "Trillanes sues Uson for spreading 'news' on alleged bank accounts". ABS-CBN.
  11. ^ "Asec Mocha Uson herself spreads fake news, says Nancy Binay". September 20, 2017.
  12. ^ "Philippines election: 'Politicians hire me to spread fake stories'". BBC News. May 7, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  13. ^ Chi, Cristina (November 21, 2023). "Social media giants' 'fake news' policies failed to prevent disinformation during 2022 elections — study". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on November 21, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  14. ^ Beltran, Michael (June 29, 2022). "How a 'tsunami of disinformation' helped Marcos Jr win back power". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  15. ^ a b Santos, Eimor (June 22, 2017). "Bill filed vs. fake news: Up to ₱10M fine, 10-year jail time for erring public officials". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  16. ^ Elemia, Camille (June 22, 2017). "Senate bill seeks jail time for gov't officials spreading fake news". CNN Philippines.
  17. ^ Bajo, Anna Felicia (June 23, 2017). "CBCP calls on faithful to help stop the spread of fake news". GMA News. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  18. ^ Bondoc, Marlly Rome (June 27, 2017). "CBCP releases list of fake news sites". GMA News. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  19. ^ a b "Fake news production and social media 'trolls'". University of Leeds. February 12, 2018.
  20. ^ "Ad, PR execs are 'chief architects' of disinformation in Philippines — study". The Philippine STAR.
  21. ^ "Chief disinformation architects in the PH: Not exactly who you think". February 11, 2018.
  22. ^ a b c d Corpus Ong, Jonathan; A. Cabañes, Jason Vincent (2018), "Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines" (PDF), The Newton, University of Massachusetts, University of Leeds, doi:10.7275/2cq4-5396
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "More 'fake news' sites blacklisted by NUJP, CMFR". GMA News Online. December 7, 2017.
  24. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Shark swimming in 'Mariking' river FAKE NEWS". Vera Files. July 29, 2018.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h "Tip of the iceberg: Tracing the network of spammy pages in Facebook takedown". Rappler. October 27, 2018.
  26. ^ a b c d e f CABRISTANTE, RAFFY (October 3, 2014). "Think Before You Click: List of Pinoy fake news sites". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  27. ^ a b "VERA FILES YEARENDER: Who benefited most from fake news, and other questions, answered in three charts". Vera Files. December 22, 2017.
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