Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17α-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17α-ol-3-one, is an endogenous steroid and an epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5α-reductase inhibitor.[1][2]
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
17α-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one
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| Systematic IUPAC name
(1R,3aS,3bR,9aR,9bS,11aS)-1-Hydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,3b,4,5,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-7H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one | |
| Other names
Isotestosterone; 17α-Testosterone; Androst-4-en-17α-ol-3-one
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| DrugBank | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.169.813 |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C19H28O2 | |
| Molar mass | 288.431 g/mol |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone; a 1993 study found that around 50% of epitestosterone production in human males can be ascribed to the testis,[3] although the exact pathway of its formation is still the subject of research. It has been shown to accumulate in mammary cyst fluid and in the prostate.[3] Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1.[4]
Society and culture
editDetection of athletic doping
editIt has been shown that exogenous administration of testosterone does not affect levels of epitestosterone in the body. As a result, tests to determine the ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone in urine are used to find athletes who are doping.[5] A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1.[6] Another study found that the max T/E ratio for the 95th percentile of athletes was 3.71:1, and the max T/E ratio for the 99th percentile was 5.25:1.[7][unreliable source?]
Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone.
Notable cases
editA 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the 1980 Moscow Olympics, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".[8] A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.[9][10]
In 1996 the US athlete Mary Decker failed a T/E test with a T/E ratio of greater than 6, the limit in force at the time. She took the case to arbitration, arguing that birth control pills can cause false positives for the test, but the arbitration panel ruled against her.
On September 20, 2007 Floyd Landis was stripped of his title as winner of the Tour de France, and was subjected to a two-year ban from professional racing after a second test showing an elevated T/E ratio. Landis won the 17th stage of the tour; however, tests taken immediately after the stage victory showed a T/E ratio of 11:1, more than double the 4:1 imposed limit (recently lowered from prior limits of 8:1 and 6:1). On August 1, 2006, media reports said that synthetic testosterone had been detected in the A sample, using the carbon isotope ratio test CIR. The presence of synthetic testosterone means that some of the testosterone in Landis's body came from an external source and was not naturally produced by his own system. These results conflict with Landis's public speculation that it was a natural occurrence.[11] Landis originally denied the charges, but in 2010 Landis admitted to doping during much of his career,[12] but continued to adamantly deny taking testosterone that would have led to the positive test in the 2006 Tour de France.[13]
See also
edit- 17α-Estradiol (epiestradiol)
References
edit- ^ P. Michael Conn (29 May 2013). Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease. Academic Press. pp. 376–. ISBN 978-0-12-415912-9.
- ^ Stárka L, Bicíková M, Hampl R (1989). "Epitestosterone--an endogenous antiandrogen?". J. Steroid Biochem. 33 (5): 1019–21. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(89)90255-0. PMID 2532272.
- ^ a b Dehennin L (February 1993). "Secretion by the human testis of epitestosterone, with its sulfoconjugate and precursor androgen 5-androstene-3 beta,17 α-diol". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 44 (2): 171–7. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(93)90025-R. PMID 8439521. S2CID 54290658.
- ^ Bellemare V, Faucher F, Breton R, Luu-The V (2005). "Characterization of 17α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (17α-HSD) and its involvement in the biosynthesis of epitestosterone". BMC Biochem. 6: 12. doi:10.1186/1471-2091-6-12. PMC 1185520. PMID 16018803.
- ^ Aguilera R, Hatton CK, Catlin DH (2002). "Detection of epitestosterone doping by isotope ratio mass spectrometry". Clin. Chem. 48 (4): 629–36. doi:10.1093/clinchem/48.4.629. PMID 11901061.
- ^ http://doping-info.de/proceedings/proceedings_10_pdf/10_261.pdf [dead link]
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Doping violations at the Olympics". The Economist. 25 July 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
- ^ Wilson, Wayne (Ph.D.); Derse, Ed (2001). Doping in Élite Sport: The Politics of Drugs in the Olympic Movement. Human Kinetics. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-0-7360-0329-2. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- ^ Sytkowski, Arthur J. (May 2006). Erythropoietin: Blood, Brain and Beyond. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-3-527-60543-9. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
- ^ "Synthetic testosterone found in Landis urine sample". Associated Press. 2006-07-31. Archived from the original on 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
- ^ Albergotti, Reed (2010-05-20). "Cyclist Floyd Landis Admits Doping, Alleges Use by Armstrong and Others". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
- ^ Bonnie D. Ford (2010-05-20). "Landis admits doping, accuses Lance". ESPN.
External links
edit- Landis has T/E ratio twice the tour limit
- Stárka L (October 2003). "Epitestosterone". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 87 (1): 27–34. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00383-2. PMID 14630088. S2CID 208789812.
- Loraine JA, Ismail AA, Adamopoulos DA, Dove GA (November 1970). "Endocrine Function in Male and Female Homosexuals". Br Med J. 4 (5732): 406–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5732.406. PMC 1819981. PMID 5481520.
- Griffiths PD, Merry J, Browning MC, et al. (December 1974). "Homosexual women: an endocrine and psychological study". J. Endocrinol. 63 (3): 549–56. doi:10.1677/joe.0.0630549. PMID 4452820.