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English words without vowels

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

English orthography typically represents vowel sounds with the five conventional vowel letters ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩, as well as ⟨y⟩, which may also be a consonant depending on context. However, outside of abbreviations, there are a handful of words in English that do not have vowels, either because the vowel sounds are not written with vowel letters or because the words themselves are pronounced without vowel sounds.

heart-shaped shop sign stating "Anybody can cuddle but only the Welsh can cwtch"

Words without written vowels

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There are very few lexical words (that is, not counting interjections) without vowel letters. The longest such lexical word is tsktsks,[1] pronounced /ˌtɪskˈtɪsks/. The mathematical expression nth /ˈɛnθ/, as in delighted to the nth degree, is in fairly common usage.[2] Another mathematical term without vowel letters is ln, the natural logarithm. A more obscure example is rng /ˈrʌŋ/, derived from ring by deleting the letter ⟨i⟩. Vowelless proper names from other languages, such as the surname Ng, may retain their original spelling, even if they are pronounced with vowels.

In the Middle English period, there were no standard spellings, but ⟨w⟩ was sometimes used to represent either a vowel or a consonant sound in the same way that Modern English does with ⟨y⟩, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries. This vocalic ⟨w⟩ generally represented /uː/,[3][4] as in wss ("use").[5] However at that time the form ⟨w⟩ was still sometimes used to represent a digraph ⟨uu⟩ (see W), not as a separate letter. In modern Welsh, "W" is simply a single letter which often represents a vowel sound. Thus words borrowed from Welsh may use ⟨w⟩ this way, such as:

  • The crwth[6] (pronounced /ˈkrʊθ/ or /ˈkruːθ/, also spelled cruth in English) is a Welsh musical instrument similar to the violin.[7]
He intricately rhymes, to the music of crwth and pibgorn.[8]
  • cwtch (a hiding place or cubby hole) is also from Welsh (albeit a recent word influenced by English, and used almost exclusively in the variant of English spoken in Wales, not in standard English), and crwth and cwtch are the longest English dictionary words without ⟨a, e, i, o, u, y⟩ according to Collins Dictionary.[9]
  • A cwm[10] (pronounced /ˈkuːm/) is used in English in a technical geographical or mountaineering context to mean a deep hollow in a mountainous area, usually with steep edges on some sides, like a corrie or cirque, such as the Western Cwm of Mount Everest. It is also sometimes used, by way of more recent borrowing from Welsh, in a more general sense of a valley. The spellings coombe, combe, coomb, and comb come from the Old English cumb,[11] which appears either to be a much earlier borrowing from a predecessor of modern Welsh, or to have an even earlier origin, given that there was an ancient Greek word κὑμβη (kumbē) meaning a hollow vessel.[12] In English literature, one can find the spellings combe (as in Ilfracombe and Castle Combe), coomb (as in J. R. R. Tolkien[citation needed]) or comb (as in Alfred, Lord Tennyson[citation needed]).

There are also numerous vowelless interjections and onomatopoeia found more or less frequently, including brr or brrr, bzzt, grrr, hm, hmm, mm, mmm, mhmm, sksksksk,[13][14] pfft, pht, phpht,[7] psst, sh, shh, zzz. It is questionable whether any of these are words: they are sequences of letters used to imitate a sound, and there is no limit to how many such sequences could be constructed.

Alphabetical list of words not containing the main 5 vowels but including Y

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Some of these are merely interjections, some promoted by comic magazines (see above}. Many others are borrowed or derived from other languages, most commonly Greek, e.g. glyph (Greek), skyr (Icelandic), fyrd (Anglo-Saxon).

  • By(s)
  • Byrl(s)
  • Chynd
  • Cly
  • Cry
  • Crypt(s)
  • Cyst(s)
  • Dry(ly)(s)
  • Fly
  • Flyby(s)
  • Fry
  • Fy
  • Fyrd(s)
  • Ghyll(s)
  • Glycyl(s)
  • Glyph(s)
  • Gym(s)
  • Gyp
  • Gyppy
  • Gyp(s)
  • Gypsy
  • Hwyl(s)
  • Hymn(s)
  • Hyp(s)
  • Jynx
  • Ky
  • Lym(s)
  • Lymph(s)
  • Lynch
  • Lynx
  • My
  • Myrrh(s)
  • Myth
  • Ny(s)
  • Nymph(ly)(s)
  • Ply
  • Pry(s)
  • Psych
  • Pygmy
  • Pyx
  • Rhy
  • Rhythm(s)
  • Rynd(s)
  • Scry
  • Shy(ly)
  • Sky
  • Skyr
  • Sly(ly)
  • Spry(ly)
  • Spy
  • Sty
  • Stymy
  • Swy
  • Sylph(s)
  • Syn
  • Sync(s)
  • Synch(s)
  • Synd(s)
  • Sybyzgy
  • Syzygy
  • Thy
  • Thymy
  • Try
  • Tryp(s)
  • Tryst(s)
  • Twyndyllyng(s)
  • Tyg(s)
  • Typp(s)
  • Tyyn
  • Vly
  • Why(s)
  • Wyn(s)
  • Wynn
  • Wry (ly)
  • Wych
  • Wyn
  • Wynd(s)
  • Wynn(s)
  • Xylyl(s)
  • Xyst(s)
  • Ympt

Alphabetical list of words without the main vowels and also excluding Y

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  • Brr
  • Brrr
  • Bzzt
  • Ch
  • Crwth(s)
  • Cwm(s)
  • Cwtch
  • Grr
  • Grrl(s)
  • Grrr
  • Grrrl(s)
  • Hm
  • Hmph
  • Hmm
  • Hmmm
  • Mhmm
  • Mm
  • Mmm
  • Nth
  • Pfft
  • Phpht
  • Pht
  • Psst
  • Pwn(s)
  • Sh
  • Shh
  • Sksksksk
  • Tsk(s)
  • Tss
  • Tsktsk(s)
  • Twp
  • Zzz

Words without vowel sounds

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Weak forms of function words may be realized without vowel sounds, as in I can go [aɪ kŋ̍ ˈɡoʊ] and I must sell [aɪ ms̩ ˈsɛl].[15] Some of these forms are reflected in orthography as contractions, such as 's, 'll, 'd, and n't.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "How to beat everyone at board games this Christmas". Yorkshire Post. Johnston Press Plc. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  2. ^ "Are there any English words that have no vowels?". Dictionary.com Word FAQs. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  3. ^ "Y, n.". OED Online. September 2012. Oxford University Press. 4 October 2012.
  4. ^ "W, n.". OED Online. September 2012. Oxford University Press. 4 October 2012.
  5. ^ Rogers, Bruce (1999). You Can Say That Again!: A Fun Approach to Sounding Better When You Open Your Mouth to Speak. Dumdum. p. 104. ISBN 9780888822086.
  6. ^ Alan Peterson (27 December 1986). "Why The Silly Season Can Be A Bit Short On Fun". Saturday Review. The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 24. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  7. ^ a b Charlie Fidelman (28 May 1992). "War Of The Words". News. Montreal Gazette. p. G8. Others memorize words without vowels: "crwth" for example, which means an ancient string instrument. Another is "phpht", defined as an interjection.
  8. ^ Dylan Thomas, Under Milk Wood, 1954
  9. ^ "The Longest Word in the Collins English Dictionary". Collins Dictionary website. 4 April 2012.
  10. ^ Viva Sarah Press (15 February 1999). "At Scrabble club, politics get no score: Jerusalem group, founded by ex-Montrealer, unites Israelis from across the spectrum". News. Montreal Gazette. p. A18.
  11. ^ Chambers Dictionary
  12. ^ Liddell & Scott
  13. ^ Vendetti, Tyler (20 October 2020). The Illustrated Compendium of Essential Modern Slang: Including Cray, Lit, Basic, and More. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781951511029 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ Strapagiel, Lauren (29 August 2019). "Like Most Slang, 'Sksksksk' Originated In Black And LGBTQ Communities". BuzzFeed News.
  15. ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010). A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.). Wadsworth. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-42823126-9.
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