The enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo were two territories close to the river Niger, in modern Nigeria, leased to France by the United Kingdom under the Anglo-French Convention of 1898.[1][2] They were obtained by France after several expeditions along the Niger, by Hourst (1894),[3] Granderye (1898–99),[4] Toutée (1895 and 1899-1900),[5][6] and Lenfant (1901–02, etc.).[7][8] France wanted to determine whether its colonies in French Sudan could more easily be supplied upstream along the Niger rather than via the traditional Dakar route.[9]
Terms of the lease
edit
Lease terms were determined by agreements signed on 20 May 1903 giving effect to article 8 of the convention of 14 June 1898 by the French Foreign Minister Théophile Delcassé, and Sir Edmund Monson, British Ambassador to France. The agreement was reached in the context of the Entente cordiale between the two countries, ending a period of tension and competition over territories in Africa, and based on the principle of freedom of navigation along the length of the Niger.
Each leased territory amounted to approximately 47 hectares (less than 0.2 square miles) and was designated for the unloading, storing and transshipping of goods, with residents confined to staff employed for these purposes together with their families and servants. The lease was for a renewable period of thirty years in each case, and included conditions such as a requirement to enclose the area and to forbid retail trading. The annual rent was set at one franc per year.
The enclaves were mentioned in French textbooks in 1926[10] and described as unoccupied in 1929.[11] The leases were not renewed at the end of the initial thirty-year period.
Forcados
editThe name 'Forcados' (meaning 'forked') was given to the area by the first Portuguese slave traders to explore the Niger delta in the current Bayelsa State.[12] The leased area was trapezoid in shape, with the short side on the estuary of the Forcados River near the village of Gula, opposite Ogidiba, and stretching back 700m from the water's edge. Although not signed until 1903, the lease was deemed to run for thirty years from 28 June 1900 and the leased area remained under the law then in force in the British Southern Nigeria Protectorate.[13]
Badjibo
editThe Badjibo enclave (not to be confused with the place of the same name in Gabon) was located at the confluence of the Niger with the much smaller Doko,[14] about 36 km upstream from Jebba and downstream from the Boussa rapids where Mungo Park died. It consisted of a parcel of land in the shape of a parallelogram, with a waterfront of 400m and a depth of 200m, opposite the village of Badjibo. It was next to Fort Arenberg, founded in 1895 by Georges Joseph Toutée and named in honour of Auguste d'Arenberg before being abandoned. For this reason it is sometimes referred to as the Arenberg enclave.[15] Though not signed until 1903, the lease was deemed to have taken effect on 5 June 1900 and the enclave remained under the law then in force under the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate.[16]
See also
editBibliography
editLupton, Kenneth, ‘The Partitioning of Borgu in 1898 and the French Enclaves in Nigeria, 1900-1960’, Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 12.3–4 (1984), 77–94
References
edit- ^ "NIGER CONVENTION". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 15 July 1898. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
- ^ "The Niger Dispute". Brisbane Courier. 14 June 1898. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ Pageard, Robert (1990). "Une lettre de Georges Toutée au géographe Gabriel Marcel sur l'exploration du cours du Niger (1894-1901)". Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer. 77 (286): 75–78. doi:10.3406/outre.1990.2761. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 677.
- ^ Pageard, Robert (1990). "Une lettre de Georges Toutée au géographe Gabriel Marcel sur l'exploration du cours du Niger (1894-1901)". Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer. 77 (286): 75–78. doi:10.3406/outre.1990.2761. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ Toutée, Georges Joseph (1897). "Principaux résultats géographiques de la mission Toutée". Annales de Géographie. 6 (26): 133–146. doi:10.3406/geo.1897.5583. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ "[2 albums et 389 phot. de la mission Lenfant sur le Niger en 1901-1902 : Dahomey, Nigeria, Niger. Don Lenfant en 1902]". gallica.bnf.fr. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ Zimmermann, Maurice (1901). "La Mission Lenfant à Say et la navigabilité du Bas Niger". Annales de Géographie. 10 (54): 473–474. doi:10.3406/geo.1901.2210. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ "Traité de législation coloniale. Première partie". www.manioc.org. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ M.Fallex et A.Mairey, La France et ses colonies (classe de première), Delagrave, 1926 : « la France possède deux enclaves dans la Nigéria britannique, avec entrepôts et appontements : Badjibo et la rivière Forcados, sur le bas Niger ».
- ^ Bintou Sanankoua (ed). Les États-nations face à l'intégration régionale en Afrique de l'Ouest: le cas du Mali, Karthala Editions 2007 vol. 2 p.60
- ^ "Evidence of Portuguese, Dutch, French and English Contact with Ijaw People". ihuanedo.ning.com. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ Sir E. Hertslet, The Map of Africa by Treaty, Routledge, 2012 p. 814
- ^ Michael J. Strauss, Territorial Leasing in Diplomacy and International Law, Brill, 2015 p.246
- ^ "L'Afrique politique en 1900" (PDF). scans.library.utoronto.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-03. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ Sir E. Hertslet, The Map of Africa by Treaty, Routledge, 2012 p. 812
External links
edit- Base Choiseul : conventions de bail d'un terrain situé au confluent du Doko avec le Niger (Badjibo - Fort Arenberg) et d'un autre sur la rive gauche de la rivière Forcados, signées par Théophile Delcassé et Sir Edmund Monson le 20 mai 1903.
- Dahomé Niger Touareg –Récit de voyage, by Colonel Georges Joseph Toutée
- Le Niger voie ouverte à notre empire africain by Captain Eugène Lenfant (1905)
- Principaux résultats géographiques de la mission Toutée, Commandant Toutée, Annales de Géographie 1897 (Persée)